{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T04:45:42Z","timestamp":1776660342336,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) now dominate dietary intake in many countries and are consistently associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. Beyond excess sodium, sugar, and unhealthy fats, UPFs may exert cardiovascular harm through food matrix disruption, processing-generated toxicants, additive exposure, and microbiome perturbation. These upstream insults converge on inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic signaling pathways that regulate microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs that orchestrate post-transcriptional gene expression across endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets, and metabolic tissues. In this review, we propose a unifying mechanistic framework in which UPF exposure reshapes both intracellular and extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated miRNA networks, thereby linking gut, liver, adipose tissue, and the vascular wall in a feed-forward cardiometabolic signaling loop. We synthesize evidence across epidemiology, experimental models, and human dietary intervention studies, while explicitly distinguishing established, emerging, and speculative mechanisms to avoid over-interpretation. We further discuss translational opportunities, including circulating miRNA\/EV-miRNA biomarkers, nutritionally responsive miRNA signatures, and miRNA-targeted therapeutics. Together, this framework positions the UPF\u2013miRNA\/EV axis as a plausible molecular bridge between modern dietary exposure and atherosclerotic disease progression, and highlights priority areas for mechanistic validation and clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1790304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T04:14:33Z","timestamp":1776658473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of microRNAs in cardiovascular disease associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shengzhou","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dushyantha T.","family":"Jayaweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George R.","family":"Marzouka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Miami VA Health System","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunming","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]},{"name":"Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Miami VA Health System","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e467","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(25)00087-8","article-title":"The epidemiology and burden of cardiovascular diseases in countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 1990-2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"10","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012005009","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and likely impact on human health","volume":"16","author":"Moubarac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Canada Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.08.014","article-title":"Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1451","article-title":"Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-sant\u00e9)","volume":"365","author":"Srour","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.047","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and incident cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring study","volume":"77","author":"Juul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l1949","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1949","article-title":"Association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and all cause mortality: SUN prospective cohort study","volume":"365","author":"Rico-Camp\u00e0","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03111-2","article-title":"Associations of ultra-processed food consumption, circulating protein biomarkers, and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.03.018","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet","volume":"110","author":"Uribarri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.12.016","article-title":"Role of advanced glycation end products in cellular signaling","volume":"2","author":"Ott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020302f","article-title":"Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs","volume":"50","author":"Tareke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(15)00444-1","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat","volume":"16","author":"Bouvard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","article-title":"Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome","volume":"519","author":"Chassaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1039\/c6fo00107f","article-title":"Minimally processed foods are more satiating and less hyperglycemic than ultra-processed foods: a preliminary study with 98 ready-to-eat foods","volume":"7","author":"Fardet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy044","article-title":"Perspective: reductionist nutrition research has meaning only within the framework of holistic and ethical thinking","volume":"9","author":"Fardet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.006","article-title":"Metazoan microRNAs","volume":"173","author":"Bartel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0309-228","article-title":"Many roads to maturity: microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation","volume":"11","author":"Winter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.280016","article-title":"MicroRNA-10A and MicroRNA-21 modulate endothelial progenitor cell senescence via suppressing high-mobility group A2","volume":"112","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09783","article-title":"Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology","volume":"469","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3200","article-title":"MicroRNA-30c reduces hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice by decreasing lipid synthesis and lipoprotein secretion","volume":"19","author":"Soh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x","article-title":"Health benefits of dietary fiber","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3920\/bm2020.0057","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health","volume":"11","author":"Blaak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benefic Microbes"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00680-2","article-title":"Non-canonical features of microRNAs: paradigms emerging from cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Santovito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.113.001720","article-title":"Endothelial microparticle\u2013mediated transfer of microRNA-126 promotes vascular endothelial cell repair via SPRED1 and is abrogated in glucose-damaged endothelial microparticles","volume":"128","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu180","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a induces vascular smooth muscle cells senescence by SIRT1 downregulation and promotes the expression of age-associated pro-inflammatory secretory factors","volume":"70","author":"Badi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61716","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 promotes atherosclerosis by repressing Bcl6 in macrophages","volume":"122","author":"Nazari-Jahantigh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310752","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease: potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology","volume":"120","author":"Jansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.56035","article-title":"Exosomes in atherosclerosis: performers, bystanders, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308378","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a induces lineage-negative bone marrow cell apoptosis and senescence by targeting polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) expression","volume":"37","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094259","article-title":"MicroRNA-29c-3p and -126a contribute to the decreased angiogenic potential of aging endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"26","author":"Dykxhoorn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08195","article-title":"miR-143\/145 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity","volume":"460","author":"Cordes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.106.141986","article-title":"MicroRNA expression signature and antisense-mediated depletion reveal an essential role of microRNA in vascular neointimal lesion formation","volume":"100","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.240150","article-title":"MicroRNA-133 controls vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch in vitro and vascular remodeling in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Torella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189862","article-title":"miR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"328","author":"Rayner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005191107","article-title":"miR-33 links SREBP-2 induction to repression of sterol transporters","volume":"107","author":"Marquart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-03-492801","article-title":"Activated platelets can deliver mRNA-regulatory Ago2\u2022microRNA complexes to endothelial cells via microparticles","volume":"122","author":"Laffont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000000604","article-title":"Mirna-mediated macrophage polarization and its potential role in the regulation of inflammatory response","volume":"46","author":"Essandoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.01.005","article-title":"miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting","volume":"3","author":"Esau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra054035","article-title":"Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease","volume":"354","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053934","article-title":"Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population","volume":"98","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.03.005","article-title":"Perspective: seeing the Forest through the trees: the importance of food matrix in diet quality and human health","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.07.016","article-title":"Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance","volume":"185","author":"Suez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2D: implications for therapy","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12481","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605298103","article-title":"NF-\u03baB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses","volume":"103","author":"Taganov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.07.012","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a regulation of endothelial senescence","volume":"398","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-015-0327-z","article-title":"Microrna-223 delivered by platelet-derived microvesicles promotes lung cancer cell invasion via targeting tumor suppressor EPB41L3","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1800389","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts","volume":"378","author":"Estruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac012","article-title":"Rapid neutrophil mobilization by VCAM-1+ endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"119","author":"Akbar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060770","article-title":"The impact of diet on miRNA regulation and its implications for health: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"DeLucas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3980","article-title":"Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 controls the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes through binding to specific motifs","volume":"4","author":"Villarroya-Beltri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"load044","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/load044","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by intestine epithelium-derived exosomes","volume":"2","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Metab"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17319","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140917319","article-title":"Oxidative stress and microRNAs in vascular diseases","volume":"14","author":"Magenta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.08.035","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophage-derived exosomal miRNAs can modulate in vivo and in vitro insulin sensitivity","volume":"171","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-06-163832","article-title":"Megakaryocyte-derived microparticles: direct visualization and distinction from platelet-derived microparticles","volume":"113","author":"Flaumenhaft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2210","article-title":"MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins","volume":"13","author":"Vickers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312467902","article-title":"Circulating microRNA-126 increases after different forms of endurance exercise in healthy adults","volume":"21","author":"Uhlemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109240","article-title":"Blood orange juice intake modulates plasma and PBMC microRNA expression in overweight and insulin-resistant women: impact on MAPK and NF\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"112","author":"Capetini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.06.035","article-title":"MiRNAs profile as biomarkers of nutritional therapy for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From the CORDIOPREV study","volume":"40","author":"Jimenez-Lucena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010069","article-title":"Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beer Modulate Plasma and Macrophage microRNAs Differently in a Pilot Intervention in Humans with Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"13","author":"Daimiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.03.011","article-title":"One-year supplementation with a grape extract containing resveratrol modulates inflammatory-related microRNAs and cytokines expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetes and hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"72","author":"Tom\u00e9-Carneiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2000049","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000049","article-title":"Impact of Phenol-Enriched Virgin Olive Oils on the Postprandial Levels of Circulating microRNAs Related to Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"64","author":"Daimiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1790304\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T04:14:34Z","timestamp":1776658474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1790304\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1790304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1790304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"article-number":"1790304"}}