{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T04:57:35Z","timestamp":1775624255756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salvia miltiorrhiza<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S. miltiorrhiza<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) Bunge is a traditional, medicinal and edible plant with diverse biological properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, a novel acidic polysaccharide (SMP-3) was extracted from\n                      <jats:italic>S. miltiorrhiza<\/jats:italic>\n                      roots using hot water extraction, followed by purification through DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Structural characterization was performed utilizing FT-IR, NMR, XRD, and CD spectroscopy. The anti-colorectal cancer activity and underlying mechanisms of SMP-3, both alone and in combination with regorafenib (REG), were evaluated in vitro using HCT116 colorectal cancer cells and normal FHC cells through cytotoxicity, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purified SMP-3 exhibited a total polysaccharide content of 96.52% with a weight-average molecular weight of 61.3 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that SMP-3 was primarily composed of galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, glucose, mannose, galactose, and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 52.6:24.1:7.5:6.8:6.0:3.0, preliminarily suggesting a possible pectin-like structural feature with uronic acids accounting for 76.7% of the total content. Structural characterization indicated the presence of both \u03b1- and \u03b2-glycosidic linkages, an amorphous structure, and an ordered conformation in aqueous solution. Biologically, SMP-3 exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells while showing minimal toxicity to normal FHC cells. Notably, combination treatment with SMP-3 and REG demonstrated combined effects, significantly enhancing G0\/G1 cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and inhibition of cell migration and invasion compared to single-agent treatments. Mechanistically, the combination treatment upregulated p21, Bax, and caspase-3 expression while downregulating cyclin D1, CDK4, and Bcl-2, and profoundly suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3, AKT, and ERK signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that SMP-3 possesses distinct structural characteristics and significant anti-tumor efficacy, making it a promising medical food candidate for colorectal cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1797015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T04:14:03Z","timestamp":1775621643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physicochemical characteristics and anti-colorectal cancer activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge 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