{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T06:14:16Z","timestamp":1776147256865,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Homeostatic imbalance of bile acids (BAs) is closely associated with the onset and progression of several liver diseases, including cholestasis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and MASLD\/MASH. In cholestasis, BAs imbalance induces cellular endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which subsequently lead to hepatocellular and cholangiocellular death, exacerbating liver injury. Bile acid imbalance also activates hepatic stellate cells, promoting fibrosis and cirrhosis. During hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression, BAs imbalance favors the survival and proliferation of cancerous hepatocytes. Similarly, in MASLD\/MASH, homeostatic BAs imbalance correlates significantly with disease severity. Additionally, BAs, through crosstalk with gut microbes, plays a key role in the development and progression of various liver diseases. This review focuses on each liver disease, summarizing the unique changes in BAs species and their distinct mechanisms of action, while exploring the complex role of BAs throughout the course of liver disease and their potential as diagnostic markers. Importantly, it highlights the therapeutic significance of regulating BA homeostasis in treating liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1797381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:39:44Z","timestamp":1776145184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulation of bile acids homeostasis: a feasible and versatile way to treat or diagnose liver disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qian-Qian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le-Ying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Yi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c190007","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of bile acids in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Ticho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.5493","article-title":"Bile acid physiology","volume":"16","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712","article-title":"The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis","volume":"72","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300128-JLR200","article-title":"Rat liver bile acid Coa:amino acid N-acyltransferase: expression, characterization, and Peroxisomal localization","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2017.03.003","article-title":"Bile acid analysis in human disorders of bile acid biosynthesis","volume":"56","author":"Vaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Asp Med"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"A Recent Ten-Year Perspective: Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling.","author":"Shulpekova","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9060232","article-title":"The biosynthesis, signaling, and neurological functions of bile acids","volume":"9","author":"Kiriyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01101-1","article-title":"Review: microbial transformations of human bile acids","volume":"9","author":"Guzior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.019","article-title":"The underappreciated diversity of bile acid modifications","volume":"187","author":"Mohanty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06990-w","article-title":"Bile salt hydrolase Catalyses formation of amine-conjugated bile acids","volume":"626","author":"Rimal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07017-8","article-title":"Bile salt hydrolase acyltransferase activity expands bile acid diversity","volume":"626","author":"Guzior","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S350","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(23)00981-9","article-title":"The novel class of Microbially conjugated bile salts activate the Main host bile salt receptors Fxr and Tgr5","volume":"78","author":"Ay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1127483","article-title":"Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal Bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Ridlon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9289-1","article-title":"Bile acid transporters: structure, function, regulation and pathophysiological implications","volume":"24","author":"Alrefai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169719","article-title":"Preference of conjugated bile acids over unconjugated bile acids as substrates for Oatp1b1 and Oatp1b3","volume":"12","author":"Suga","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.07.022","article-title":"Differential activation of the human Farnesoid X receptor depends on the pattern of expressed isoforms and the bile acid Pool composition","volume":"86","author":"Vaquero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314307","article-title":"Suppressed hepatic bile acid Signalling despite elevated production of primary and secondary bile acids in Nafld","volume":"67","author":"Jiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03266-6","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) agonists induce hepatocellular apoptosis and impair hepatic functions via Fxr\/Shp pathway","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6046","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116046","article-title":"Molecular basis of bile acid-Fxr-Fgf15\/19 signaling Axis","volume":"23","author":"Katafuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2015.07.016","article-title":"Mechanisms of enterohepatic fibroblast growth factor 15\/19 signaling in health and disease","volume":"26","author":"Jahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.246033","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor agonists Obeticholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid increase bile acid efflux in Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes: functional evidence and mechanisms","volume":"365","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.04.037","article-title":"Chenodeoxycholic acid significantly impacts the expression of Mirnas and genes involved in lipid, bile acid and drug metabolism in human hepatocytes","volume":"156","author":"Krattinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100117","article-title":"Role of solute carrier transporters in the biodistribution and toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs","volume":"78","author":"Boeckman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.006","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating hormone regulates hepatic bile acid homeostasis via Srebp-2\/Hnf-4\u03b1\/Cyp7a1 Axis","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01174.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial genome depletion dysregulates bile acid- and paracetamol-induced expression of the transporters Mdr1, Mrp1 and Mrp4 in liver cells","volume":"162","author":"Perez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006080","article-title":"Cell death signaling","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1030475","article-title":"Membrane structural changes support the involvement of mitochondria in the bile salt-induced apoptosis of rat hepatocytes","volume":"103","author":"Sol\u00e1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-4439(02)00224-7","article-title":"Mitochondrially mediated synergistic cell killing by bile acids","volume":"1637","author":"Rolo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh078","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in combined bile acid-induced cytotoxicity: the switch between apoptosis and necrosis","volume":"79","author":"Rolo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.06.011","article-title":"Sphingosine kinase-1 inhibition protects primary rat hepatocytes against bile salt-induced apoptosis","volume":"1832","author":"Karimian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00402-6","article-title":"Sirt6 opposes glycochenodeoxycholate-induced apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells through the Ampk\/Pgc-1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0228-8","article-title":"Phb2 interacts with Lc3 and Sqstm1 is required for bile acids-induced Mitophagy in Cholestatic liver","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.00420-13","article-title":"C-Jun N-terminal kinase 1\/C-Jun activation of the P53\/Microrna 34a\/Sirtuin 1 pathway contributes to apoptosis induced by deoxycholic acid in rat liver","volume":"34","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2015.1016020","article-title":"Sirt1\/Pgc-1\u03b1 signaling protects hepatocytes against mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by bile acids","volume":"49","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28826","article-title":"Sirtuin 1 activation alleviates Cholestatic liver injury in a Cholic acid-fed mouse model of cholestasis","volume":"64","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M007641","article-title":"Effects of feeding bile acids and a bile acid Sequestrant on hepatic bile acid composition in mice","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-013-0297-1","article-title":"Regulation of Sirt1 by Micrornas","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7803","article-title":"Metabolic responses to reductive stress","volume":"32","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30275","article-title":"Fine-tuning of Sirtuin 1 expression is essential to protect the liver from cholestatic liver disease","volume":"69","author":"Blokker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39838","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39838","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid reduces Er stress by regulating of Akt-dependent cellular prion protein","volume":"6","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120523","article-title":"Hepatic injury induced by bile salts: correlation between biochemical and morphological events","volume":"12","author":"Schmucker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(03)01055-2","article-title":"Bile salt-induced hepatocyte apoptosis involves epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent Cd95 tyrosine phosphorylation","volume":"125","author":"Reinehr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40154","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606402200","article-title":"Bile acids induce Ca2+ release from both the endoplasmic reticulum and acidic intracellular calcium stores through activation of inositol trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors","volume":"281","author":"Gerasimenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.13-46","article-title":"The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in bile acid-induced hepatocellular injury","volume":"54","author":"Adachi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M071142","article-title":"Oxidized high density lipoprotein induces macrophage apoptosis via toll-like receptor 4-dependent Chop pathway","volume":"58","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128294","article-title":"Chemical chaperones reduce Er stress and restore glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"313","author":"Ozcan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.166017","article-title":"Regulation of autophagy by bile acids and in cholestasis - Cholestophagy or Cholestopagy","volume":"1867","author":"Panzitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol basis Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.05.017","article-title":"Glycochenodeoxycholic acid impairs transcription factor E3 -dependent autophagy-lysosome machinery by disrupting reactive oxygen species homeostasis in L02 cells","volume":"331","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170412","article-title":"Serum bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy","volume":"17","author":"Poupon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104664","article-title":"Itch receptor Mrgprx4 interacts with the receptor activity-modifying proteins","volume":"299","author":"Kotliar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48431","article-title":"Mrgprx4 is a bile acid receptor for human Cholestatic itch","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25748","article-title":"Serum autotaxin is increased in pruritus of cholestasis, but not of other origin, and responds to therapeutic interventions","volume":"56","author":"Kremer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166239","article-title":"Inhibition of autotaxin by bile salts and bile salt-like molecules increases its expression by feedback regulation","volume":"1867","author":"Langedijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1172\/jci64551","article-title":"The Tgr5 receptor mediates bile acid-induced itch and analgesia","volume":"123","author":"Alemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.042","article-title":"The bile acid receptor Tgr5 activates the Trpa1 channel to induce itch in mice","volume":"147","author":"Lieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509840","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of Obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"375","author":"Nevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-025-00699-2","article-title":"Ileal bile acid transport inhibitors for cholestatic pruritus: a primer","volume":"24","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Hepatol Rep"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01887-1","article-title":"Maternal bile acid profile and subtype analysis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.14218\/jcth.2023.00095","article-title":"Comprehensive bile acid profiling of Abcb4-mutated patients and the prognostic role of taurine-conjugated 3\u03b1,6\u03b1,7\u03b1,12\u03b1-Tetrahydroxylated bile acid in cholestasis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13714","article-title":"Comprehensive bile acid profiling in hereditary intrahepatic cholestasis: genetic and clinical correlations","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver International"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0452","DOI":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000452","article-title":"Unique bile acid profiles in the bile ducts of patients with primary Sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"8","author":"Kayashima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology Communications"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20336","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: relationships between bile acid levels and fetal complication rates","volume":"40","author":"Glantz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.040","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes associated with elevated bile acid levels","volume":"213","author":"Rezai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.506","article-title":"773: change to bile acid level and risk of stillbirth in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"216","author":"Proehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000001430","article-title":"Pretreatment serum bile acid composition and predictability of subsequent response to odevixibat in patients with bile salt export pump (Bsep) deficiency","volume":"9900","author":"Nomden","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.01.126","article-title":"The relationship between serum bile acids and event-free survival following the use of maralixibat for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: data from march\/march-on","volume":"57","author":"D'Antiga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0327","article-title":"Taurocholic acid promotes hepatic stellate cell activation via S1pr2\/P38 Mapk\/yap signaling under Cholestatic conditions","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.12.022","article-title":"Hedgehog-yap signaling pathway regulates glutaminolysis to control activation of hepatic stellate cells","volume":"154","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323345","article-title":"Sodium(+)\/taurocholate Cotransporting polypeptide as target therapy for liver fibrosis","volume":"71","author":"Salhab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233810","article-title":"A high hepatic uptake of conjugated bile acids promotes colorectal Cancer-associated liver metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326452","article-title":"Insufficient evidence for Ntcp activity in stellate cells","volume":"71","author":"Kunst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103043","article-title":"Secondary unconjugated bile acids induce hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"19","author":"Saga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2304408","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304408","article-title":"Loss of Slc27a5 activates hepatic stellate cells and promotes liver fibrosis via unconjugated cholic acid","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102618","article-title":"Bile acids activate Nlrp3 Inflammasome, promoting murine liver inflammation or fibrosis in a cell type-specific manner","volume":"10","author":"Holtmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01629-4","article-title":"Synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of gut microbiota and Lithocholic acid on liver fibrosis","volume":"71","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110508","article-title":"Glycocholic acid aggravates liver fibrosis by promoting the up-regulation of connective tissue growth factor in hepatocytes","volume":"101","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.08.001","article-title":"The nuclear receptor Shp mediates inhibition of hepatic stellate cells by Fxr and protects against liver fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41055","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41055","article-title":"Decoding the role of the nuclear receptor Shp in regulating hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Cipriani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020281","article-title":"Glycochenodeoxycholate promotes liver fibrosis in mice with hepatocellular cholestasis","volume":"9","author":"Hohenester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32568","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of the intestinal microbiome with functional bile acid changes underlie the development of Nafld","volume":"76","author":"Smirnova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.06.034","article-title":"Serum bile acids in cystic fibrosis patients - glycodeoxycholic acid as a potential marker of liver disease","volume":"54","author":"Drzyma\u0142a-Czy\u017c","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(75)80016-3","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism in cirrhosis. Iv. Characterization of the abnormality in deoxycholic acid metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Yoshida","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.003","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52969-6","article-title":"Bile acid profiles in adult patients with biliary atresia who achieve native liver survival after Portoenterostomy","volume":"14","author":"Takeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100671","article-title":"The gut-liver Axis in progressive Steatotic liver disease: a focus on bile acid dysregulation","volume":"29","author":"Louca","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1322","article-title":"Serum Metabolomic profiling identifies key metabolic signatures associated with pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease in humans","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology Communications"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39652379","DOI":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000545","article-title":"Serum levels of total bile acids are associated with an increased risk of Hcc in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"El-Serag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00217","article-title":"Serum bile acids are associated with pathological progression of hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.02.030","article-title":"Loss of Sirt5 promotes bile acid-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment and Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"77","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10899","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27905","article-title":"Bile salt (Glycochenodeoxycholate acid) induces cell survival and Chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29159","article-title":"Glycochenodeoxycholate induces cell survival and chemoresistance via phosphorylation of Stat3 at Ser727 site in Hcc","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29080","article-title":"Glycochenodeoxycholate promotes the metastasis of gallbladder Cancer cells by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition via activation of Socs3\/Jak2\/Stat3 signaling pathway","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15546","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103751","article-title":"Glycochenodeoxycholic acid induces Stemness and Chemoresistance via the Stat3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i41.4643","article-title":"Role of autophagy in tumorigenesis, metastasis, targeted therapy and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100073","article-title":"Pathological and therapeutic roles of bile acid metabolism and signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights from human and mouse studies","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G91","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00027.2015","article-title":"Bile acids promote Diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via increased inflammatory signaling","volume":"311","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M110.004945","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.004945","article-title":"Serum and urine metabolite profiling reveals potential biomarkers of human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecular Cellular Proteomics"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300673x","article-title":"Lc-Ms based serum metabolomics for identification of hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers in Egyptian cohort","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33051","article-title":"Prediagnostic concentrations of circulating bile acids and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: reveal-Hbv and Hcv studies","volume":"147","author":"Petrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112648","article-title":"Association between pre-diagnostic serum bile acids and hepatocellular carcinoma: the Singapore Chinese health study","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24075","article-title":"Sorafenib suppresses postsurgical recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in an Orthotopic mouse model","volume":"53","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10299-7","article-title":"Abnormal bile acid-microbiota crosstalk promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33885","article-title":"Prediagnostic alterations in circulating bile acid profiles in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"150","author":"Stepien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan5931","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5931","article-title":"Gut microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer via Nkt cells","volume":"360","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45124","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201745124","article-title":"Sirt5 inhibits Peroxisomal Acox1 to prevent oxidative damage and is downregulated in liver Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2025.101273","article-title":"Signatures of proteomics and Glycoproteomics revealed Liraglutide ameliorates Masld by regulating specific metabolic homeostasis in mice","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3028-3","article-title":"A possible role of chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine-conjugated bile acids in fibrotic steatohepatitis in a dietary rat model","volume":"59","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0606","DOI":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000606","article-title":"High-fat\/high-sucrose diet results in a high rate of Mash with Hcc in a mouse model of human-like bile acid composition","volume":"9","author":"Ueda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology Communications"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109347","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol drives the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by altering gut microbiota mediated bile acid metabolism in high-fat diet fed mice","volume":"117","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29359","article-title":"The presence and severity of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with specific changes in circulating bile acids","volume":"67","author":"Puri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s43066-024-00378-9","article-title":"Exploring serum bile acids as potential noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Basuni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt Liver J"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13010078","article-title":"Targeted plasma bile acid metabolomic analysis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Hirata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70167","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401630R","article-title":"Integrative analysis of Non12-hydroxylated bile acid revealed the suppressed molecular map of alternative pathway in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mice","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2019.05.001","article-title":"The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: not just an alternative pathway","volume":"3","author":"Pandak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Res"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2025.100757","article-title":"Liver specific transgenic expression of Cyp7b1 attenuates early Western diet-induced Masld progression","volume":"66","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.017","article-title":"Aldh2 deficiency exacerbates mcd-diet induced Masld by modulating bile acid metabolism","volume":"212","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157172","article-title":"Celastrol ameliorates metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis by regulating the Cyp7b1-mediated alternative bile acid synthetic pathway","volume":"147","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.07.011","article-title":"Hyodeoxycholic acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through modulating the gut-liver Axis","volume":"35","author":"Kuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122304","article-title":"Review on chronic metabolic diseases surrounding bile acids and gut microbiota: what we have explored so far","volume":"336","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.034","article-title":"Gut symbionts alleviate Mash through a secondary bile acid biosynthetic pathway","volume":"187","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.005","article-title":"Microbiota-driven gut vascular barrier disruption is a prerequisite for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development","volume":"71","author":"Mouries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106643","article-title":"Capsaicin shapes gut microbiota and pre-metastatic niche to facilitate Cancer metastasis to liver","volume":"188","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo2794","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo2794","article-title":"Inhibition of microbial Deconjugation of micellar bile acids protects against intestinal permeability and liver injury","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29676","article-title":"Modulation of the intestinal bile acid\/Farnesoid X receptor\/fibroblast growth factor 15 Axis improves alcoholic liver disease in mice","volume":"67","author":"Hartmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.04.030","article-title":"Gut microbiota inhibit Asbt-dependent intestinal bile acid reabsorption via Gata4","volume":"63","author":"Out","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00399-z","article-title":"Gut microbiome determines therapeutic effects of Oca on Nafld by modulating bile acid metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41061-8","article-title":"Hyodeoxycholic acid ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting ran-mediated Ppar\u03b1 nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling","volume":"14","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7103","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201903244R","article-title":"Hyodeoxycholic acid (Hdca) suppresses intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through Fxr-Pi3k\/Akt pathway, accompanied by alteration of bile acids metabolism profiles induced by gut Bacteria","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323236","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2323236","article-title":"Multi-omics reveals Deoxycholic acid modulates bile acid metabolism via the gut microbiota to antagonize carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116617","article-title":"A high-dose of Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment alleviates liver inflammation by remodeling gut microbiota and bile acid profile in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208501","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2208501","article-title":"Bacterial and metabolic phenotypes associated with inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"15","author":"Martinez-Gili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14095","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid inhibits intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"175","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38840-8","article-title":"Colitis ameliorates Cholestatic liver disease via suppression of bile acid synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Gui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13122879","article-title":"New Challenges in the Study of Liver Diseases: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Dongiovanni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100115","article-title":"Pharmacology and therapeutics of bile acid synthesis and modification enzymes in metabolic diseases","volume":"78","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9420130","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2026.9420130","article-title":"\"Food & medicine homology\" medicines and their formulas: a versatile approach for the Management of Lipid Metabolic Disorders Related Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Medicine Homology"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.12.047","article-title":"Dimeric Guaianolide Sesquiterpenoids from the flowers of Chrysanthemum Indicum ameliorate hepatic steatosis through mitigating Sirt1-mediated lipid accumulation and Ferroptosis","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157515","article-title":"Constituents-composed Chinese medicine of Dajianzhong decoction ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via Ampk\/Ppar\u03b1\/Cpt1 signaling","volume":"149","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113658","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v17.i12.113658","article-title":"Phase iii, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Norursodeoxycholic acid in metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatotic liver disease patients","volume":"17","author":"Panuganti","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-023-00407-4","article-title":"Discovery biomarker to optimize Obeticholic acid treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21991","article-title":"Fxr agonists for Mash therapy: lessons and perspectives from Obeticholic acid","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0200-y","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of Volixibat in overweight and obese but otherwise healthy adults: implications for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"19","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0736-0","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibition with Volixibat in healthy adults and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Tiessen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.024","article-title":"Volixibat in adults with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: 24-week interim analysis from a randomized, phase ii study","volume":"73","author":"Newsome","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)30474-4","article-title":"Ngm282 for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"391","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.012","article-title":"Pegbelfermin in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and compensated cirrhosis (falcon 2): a randomized phase 2b study","volume":"22","author":"Abdelmalek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100255","article-title":"Potent suppression of hydrophobic bile acids by Aldafermin, an Fgf19 analogue, across metabolic and cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"3","author":"Sanyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3278","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fibroblast growth Factor-21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e037961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037961","article-title":"Rationale and Design of a Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, investigator-initiated phase 2a study to investigate the efficacy and safety of Elobixibat in combination with cholestyramine for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Kessoku","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2554152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.54152","article-title":"Berberine and adiposity in diabetes-free individuals with obesity and Masld: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020210","article-title":"Berberine prevents disease progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through modulating multiple pathways","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26402\/jpp.2024.3.06","article-title":"Does Berberine impact anthropometric, hepatic, and metabolic parameters in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease? Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Koperska","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Physiology Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750826","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.750826","article-title":"Berberine alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through modulating gut microbiota mediated intestinal Fxr activation","volume":"12","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2025.0145","article-title":"Htd1801 demonstrates promising potential for histologic improvements in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in both a preclinical and phase 2 study","volume":"31","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6972","article-title":"Effect of Portulaca Oleracea (purslane) extract on liver enzymes, lipid profile, and glycemic status in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Darvish Damavandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371137","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371137","article-title":"Effects of Portulaca oleracea (purslane) on liver function tests, metabolic profile, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Milkarizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.05.017","article-title":"Curcumin supplementation alleviates hepatic fat content associated with modulation of gut microbiota-dependent bile acid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic simple fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15989","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28877","article-title":"Curcuminoids plus Piperine improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical trial","volume":"120","author":"Panahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0394","article-title":"Bile acids, gut microbiota, and therapeutic insights in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02383-5","article-title":"A first-in-human phase 1\/2 study of Fgf401 and combination of Fgf401 with Spartalizumab in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or biomarker-selected solid tumors","volume":"41","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal Experimental Clinical Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35496-z","article-title":"Suppression of hepatic bile acid synthesis by a non-tumorigenic Fgf19 analogue protects mice from fibrosis and Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Gadaleta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.10.024","article-title":"Inhibition of intestinal bile acid absorption improves Cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in a mouse model of Sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"64","author":"Baghdasaryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2022.5407","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: novel understandings and therapeutic strategies based on bile acids (review)","volume":"61","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32563","article-title":"The gut microbiota at the intersection of bile acids and intestinal carcinogenesis: an old story, yet mesmerizing","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.02.032","article-title":"Microbiota modification with probiotics induces hepatic bile acid synthesis via downregulation of the Fxr-Fgf15 Axis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Degirolamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6781","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c01360","article-title":"Manipulating liver bile acid signaling by Nanodelivery of bile acid receptor modulators for liver Cancer immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.164.14.1","article-title":"Ursodiol use is possibly associated with lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus-associated liver cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Tarao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevent"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900011-JLR200","article-title":"Bile acids: regulation of apoptosis by Ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"50","author":"Amaral","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29312","article-title":"The nuclear bile acid receptor Fxr controls the liver derived tumor suppressor histidine-rich glycoprotein","volume":"136","author":"Deuschle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-06-1078","article-title":"Spontaneous development of liver tumors in the absence of the bile acid receptor Farnesoid X receptor","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12629-4","article-title":"The Fxr agonist, Obeticholic acid, Suppresses Hcc Proliferation & Metastasis: role of Il-6\/Stat3 Signalling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Attia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-012-0003-6","article-title":"Bile acid receptors and liver Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Pathobiol Rep"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-2631","article-title":"Tgr5 protects against Cholestatic liver disease via suppressing the Nf-\u039ab pathway and activating the Nrf2\/ho-1 pathway","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals Translational Med"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28707","article-title":"G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor plays a key role in bile acid metabolism and fasting-induced hepatic steatosis in mice","volume":"65","author":"Donepudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.027","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor activation down-regulates the small heterodimer partner and increases Cyp7a1 to lower cholesterol","volume":"146","author":"Chow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c01420","article-title":"Lithocholic acid derivatives as potent vitamin D receptor agonists","volume":"64","author":"Sasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10431-7","article-title":"Prediction and evaluation of high-risk patients with primary biliary cholangitis receiving Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy: an early criterion","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"ref178","first-page":"3770","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid and S-Adenosylmethionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a multi-centered randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref179","first-page":"290","article-title":"Treatment of early and mid-term primary biliary cirrhosis by Qingying Huoxue decoction combined Ursodeoxycholic acid: a clinical observation","volume":"35","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21987","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: amelioration of pruritus by Udca is associated with decreased progesterone Disulphates in urine","volume":"47","author":"Glantz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2025.06.008","article-title":"Recent advances in primary biliary cholangitis treatment","volume":"29","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.009","article-title":"Norursodeoxycholic acid improves cholestasis in primary Sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"67","author":"Fickert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-2025-329","article-title":"Second-line therapies in Pbc-related cirrhosis: balancing efficacy and safety","volume":"14","author":"Rogalski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surgery Nutrition"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.028","article-title":"Obeticholic acid improves hepatic bile acid excretion in patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"74","author":"Kj\u00e6rgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.033","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase ii study of Obeticholic acid for primary Sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"73","author":"Kowdley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14429","article-title":"Reduction and stabilization of bilirubin with Obeticholic acid treatment in patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"40","author":"Par\u00e9s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(19)30094-9","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of Obeticholic acid for patients with primary biliary cholangitis: 3-year results of an international open-label extension study","volume":"4","author":"Trauner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.07.024","article-title":"Safety and sustained efficacy of the Farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) agonist Cilofexor over a 96-week open-label extension in patients with Psc","volume":"21","author":"Trauner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30509","article-title":"The nonsteroidal Farnesoid X receptor agonist Cilofexor (Gs-9674) improves markers of cholestasis and liver injury in patients with primary Sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"70","author":"Trauner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02653-2","article-title":"Primis: Design of a Pivotal, randomized, phase 3 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of the nonsteroidal Farnesoid X receptor agonist Cilofexor in noncirrhotic patients with primary Sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"23","author":"Trauner","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)30319-7","article-title":"Effect of Ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor Gsk2330672 on pruritus in primary biliary cholangitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover, phase 2a study","volume":"389","author":"Hegade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.576","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic evaluations following single Oral doses of Gsk2330672 in healthy Japanese volunteers","volume":"8","author":"Ino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology Drug Development"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(25)00192-x","article-title":"Linerixibat in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and Cholestatic pruritus (glisten): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"11","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(22)00093-0","article-title":"Odevixibat treatment in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00667-x","article-title":"Positive phase iii results for Odevixibat for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis","volume":"19","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01594-y","article-title":"Odevixibat: first approval","volume":"81","author":"Deeks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1980","article-title":"Maralixibat for the treatment of Pfic: long-term, Ibat inhibition in an open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"6","author":"Loomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology Communications"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01649-0","article-title":"Maralixibat: first approval","volume":"82","author":"Shirley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03903-1","article-title":"Characteristics of serum bile acid profiles among individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1797381\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:39:47Z","timestamp":1776145187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1797381\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":199,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1797381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1797381","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"article-number":"1797381"}}