{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:06:10Z","timestamp":1780031170779,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood obesity has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide, with increasing prevalence in high-income countries. Growing evidence suggests that early-life nutrition, particularly breastfeeding, plays a critical role in reducing obesity that shaping long-term metabolic health. This narrative review highlight association between breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and childhood obesity risk, synthesizing current evidence while exploring potential biological and behavioral mechanisms. Most studies report that breastfeeding, particularly when exclusive and sustained for longer durations, is associated with a reduced risk of childhood overweight and obesity. Evidence consistently shows that breastfed infants exhibit healthier growth trajectories, lower rates of rapid weight gain, and reduced adiposity compared to formula-fed infants. Several studies also identify plausible biological mechanisms, including appetite regulation, favorable insulin responses, and the influence of bioactive components in human milk, such as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and gut microbiome modulating factors. Nonetheless, some studies show weak or non-significant associations, often attributable to methodological differences, inconsistent breastfeeding practices, or inadequate adjustment for confounders such as maternal BMI and socioeconomic status. Current literature indicates that breastfeeding may serve as a protective factor against childhood obesity, highlighting its relevance in early-life nutrition and long-term health outcomes. This review underscores that promoting exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6\u202fmonths should be a cornerstone of public health strategies to prevent childhood obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1800487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:56:57Z","timestamp":1780030617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breastfeeding and prevention of childhood obesity: a narrative review of behavioral, hormonal, and microbiome programming"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Noor","family":"Abu Dheir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadia","family":"Radwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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N.","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha S.","family":"Al Dhaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Stojanovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Cheikh Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women\u2019s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/S13300-025-01734-7","article-title":"Comprehending the epidemiology and aetiology of childhood obesity: integrating life course approaches for prevention and intervention","volume":"16","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002803","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGPH.0002803","article-title":"Infant feeding practices and risk of preschool obesity in AlAin, UAE: a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"AlTarrah","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public 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