{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:07:03Z","timestamp":1792606023993,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Since its discovery as an antirachitic agent, vitamin D has been recognized for its importance to health, most namely bone health, prompting food fortification practices that are still in place today. The two forms of vitamin D, ergocalciferol (D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and cholecalciferol (D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), are obtained through the diet or synthesized in the skin via ultraviolet-B radiation. Vitamin D is activated by enzymes mainly found in hepatic and renal tissues, to exert downstream effects via the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is expressed nearly in all tissues, allowing activated vitamin D to have pleiotropic functions. This review focuses on the gastrointestinal tract, with high VDR content and known associations between vitamin D deficiency and disease states. For example, VDR expression within esophageal submucosal glands may influence fibrosis in eosinophilic esophagitis, while in the stomach VDR is associated with malignancy and\n                    <jats:italic>Heliocobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Intestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal failure, and irritable bowel syndrome have also been linked to vitamin D deficiency and VDR expression. Although there are studies focused on the impact of genetic polymorphisms in VDR and vitamin D supplementation on intestinal diseases, they remain largely inconclusive at this time. Interest in the gut-lung axis has further prompted the investigation of vitamin D in respiratory conditions like chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, asthma, and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. While it is clear that vitamin D is important to both the gut and the lungs, there is still a need for further research on the overall role of this important vitamin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1807154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:39:55Z","timestamp":1779082795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Importance of vitamin D in gastrointestinal health and disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samuel G.","family":"Sonsalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Armbruster-Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine","place":["Columbus, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Divisions of Gastroenterology and Clinical Informatics, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Columbus, OH, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center","place":["Memphis, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amali E.","family":"Samarasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center","place":["Memphis, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation guidelines","volume":"175","author":"Pludowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.02.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and the magic mountain: the anti-infectious role of the vitamin","volume":"156","author":"Chesney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2411189121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2411189121","article-title":"A comprehensive transcriptome characterization of individual nuclear receptor pathways in the human small intestine","volume":"121","author":"Willemsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30357-1","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses and randomised trials","volume":"5","author":"Autier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"415","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and atopic dermatitis: consider disease, race, and body mass","volume":"15","author":"Darji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-015-0124-8","article-title":"Vitamin D and age-related health outcomes: movement, mood, and memory","volume":"4","author":"Houston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Vitamin D and mortality","volume":"36","author":"Pilz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2174\/187152013804487407","article-title":"Vitamin D and cancer mortality: systematic review of prospective epidemiological studies","volume":"13","author":"Pilz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anti Cancer Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2014.930883","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and adult asthma exacerbations","volume":"51","author":"Salas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx235","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in heart failure (EVITA): a 3-year randomized clinical trial with 4000 IU vitamin D daily","volume":"38","author":"Zittermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010145","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health","volume":"20","author":"Zmijewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv340","article-title":"Vitamin D: a dynamic molecule. How relevant might the dynamism for a vitamin be?","volume":"31","author":"Mazzaferro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2305-5839.2013.03.04","article-title":"Vitamin D and GI cancers: shedding some light on dark diseases","volume":"2","author":"Hargrove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_49_17","article-title":"Vitamin D and gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Mahendra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12851","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on gastrointestinal symptoms and health-related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Abbasnezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182902ad9","article-title":"Normalization of plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of surgery in Crohn's disease","volume":"19","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000052","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2015-000052","article-title":"Vitamin D associates with improved quality of life in participants with irritable bowel syndrome: outcomes from a pilot trial","volume":"2","author":"Tazzyman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2008.29","article-title":"Presence of 25(OH)D deficiency and its effect on vitamin D receptor mRNA expression","volume":"63","author":"Goswami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1562\/2004-11-19-RN-375","article-title":"Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness","volume":"81","author":"Engelsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-02-02-IR-430","article-title":"The vitamin D3 pathway in human skin and its role for regulation of biological processes","volume":"81","author":"Lehmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?","volume":"144","author":"Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"The Gastrointestinal System","author":"Sitrin","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030593","article-title":"The one-hundred-year anniversary of the discovery of the sunshine vitamin D(3): historical, personal experience and evidence-based perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Holick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.258","article-title":"The metabolism and mechanism of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0400039","article-title":"The metabolism of isotopically labelled vitamin D3 in man: the influence of the state of vitamin D nutrition","volume":"40","author":"Mawer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2653","article-title":"Clinical review: the role of the parent compound vitamin D with respect to metabolism and function: why clinical dose intervals can affect clinical outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Hollis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80655-8","article-title":"An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3","volume":"96","author":"Nykjaer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"491","article-title":"Vitamin d deficiency and liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.11.028","article-title":"The endocrine vitamin D system in the gut","volume":"453","author":"Barbachano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.02.004","article-title":"1alpha-hydroxylase and innate immune responses to 25-hydroxyvitamin D in colonic cell lines","volume":"121","author":"Lagishetty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12192","article-title":"Macrophages in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation","volume":"260","author":"Bain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.2.240","article-title":"The caudal-related homeodomain protein Cdx-2 regulates vitamin D receptor gene expression in the small intestine","volume":"14","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.18.10529","article-title":"Multiple promoters direct the tissue-specific expression of novel N-terminal variant human vitamin D receptor gene transcripts","volume":"95","author":"Crofts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1089\/gte.2004.8.417","article-title":"The BsmI vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with ulcerative colitis in Jewish Ashkenazi patients","volume":"8","author":"Dresner-Pollak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genet Test"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05525.x","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Naderi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.2.211","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism: association with Crohn's disease susceptibility","volume":"47","author":"Simmons","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3695","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies variation in vitamin D receptor and other host factors influencing the gut microbiota","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.010","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)vitamin D(3): genomic and non-genomic mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Haussler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0442","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulation of voltage-gated chloride channels by ligands preferring a VDR-alternative pocket (VDR-AP)","volume":"25","author":"Menegaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.01.011","article-title":"Alternative binding sites at the vitamin D receptor and their ligands","volume":"485","author":"Mutchie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80413-X","article-title":"The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand","volume":"5","author":"Rochel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(00)00145-X","article-title":"Ligands for the vitamin D endocrine system: different shapes function as agonists and antagonists for genomic and rapid response receptors or as a ligand for the plasma vitamin D binding protein","volume":"76","author":"Norman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403606101","article-title":"Identification of an alternative ligand-binding pocket in the nuclear vitamin D receptor and its functional importance in 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 signaling","volume":"101","author":"Mizwicki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.9.2242","article-title":"Structural basis of VDR-DNA interactions on direct repeat response elements","volume":"21","author":"Shaffer","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214523890","article-title":"Vitamin D, immune regulation, the microbiota, and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"239","author":"Cantorna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000526","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D protects intestinal epithelial barrier by regulating the myosin light chain kinase signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00748","article-title":"Gut epithelial vitamin D receptor regulates microbiota-dependent mucosal inflammation by suppressing intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis","volume":"159","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.13403","article-title":"Vitamin D and colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers: a review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"7","author":"Jacobs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070477","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor","volume":"296","author":"Makishima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12553","article-title":"Review article: vitamin D and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"39","author":"Mouli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.180794","article-title":"Vitamin D regulates the gut microbiome and protects mice from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis","volume":"143","author":"Ooi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3398-6","article-title":"Vitamin D prevents the intestinal fibrosis via induction of vitamin D receptor and inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta1\/Smad3 pathway","volume":"60","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-57","article-title":"Protective role of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in the mucosal injury and epithelial barrier disruption in DSS-induced acute colitis in mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1515\/acph-2015-0023","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of vitamin D and calcium on intestinal motility: in vitro tests and implications for clinical treatment","volume":"65","author":"Giraldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharma"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100531","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor inhibits EMT via regulation of the epithelial mitochondrial function in intestinal fibrosis","volume":"296","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00578","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent induction of colonic Cyp27b1 is associated with colonic inflammation: implications of locally produced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in inflammatory regulation in the colon","volume":"158","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2012.05.007","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor expression in the mucosal tissue at the gastroesophageal junction","volume":"93","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2012.00336","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with reduced esophageal vitamin D receptor expression and reduced esophageal adenocarcinoma risk","volume":"21","author":"Janmaat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3265-0","article-title":"Low bone mineral density for age\/osteoporosis in triple a syndrome-an overlooked symptom of unexplained etiology","volume":"27","author":"Dumic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001741","article-title":"Nutritional state and feeding behaviors of children with eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"66","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2015.04.016","article-title":"Serum vitamin D levels in a cohort of adult and pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"115","author":"Slack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5MR1017-395R","article-title":"Understanding fibrosis in eosinophilic esophagitis: are we there yet?","volume":"104","author":"Armbruster-Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204378","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor regulates TGF-beta signalling in systemic sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Zerr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.031","article-title":"TGF-beta1: mediator of a feedback loop in eosinophilic esophagitis--or should we really say mastocytic esophagitis?","volume":"126","author":"Abonia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.10.016","article-title":"Esophageal remodeling in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"119","author":"Aceves","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.10.027","article-title":"A phenotypic analysis shows that eosinophilic esophagitis is a progressive fibrostenotic disease","volume":"79","author":"Dellon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327276","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor and STAT6 interactome governs oesophageal epithelial barrier responses to IL-13 signalling","volume":"72","author":"Brusilovsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"13176","article-title":"Alterations in vitamin D signaling pathway in gastric cancer progression: a study of vitamin D receptor expression in human normal, premalignant, and malignant gastric tissue","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8255-1","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D as predisposing factor for atrophic type a gastritis: a case-control study and review of the literature on the interaction of vitamin D with the immune system","volume":"42","author":"Antico","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/65430","article-title":"The influence of vitamin D deficiency on eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"26","author":"Yildirim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S143332","article-title":"Relationship of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Helicobacter pylori gastric patients","volume":"11","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12102","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori induces increased expression of the vitamin d receptor in immune responses","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1337913","article-title":"Gastric dysmotility and low serum vitamin D levels in patients with gastroparesis","volume":"45","author":"Kedar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0699-6","article-title":"Esomeprazole use is independently associated with significant reduction of BMD: 1-year prospective comparative safety study of four proton pump inhibitors","volume":"34","author":"Bahtiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13194","article-title":"Long-term safety of proton pump inhibitor therapy assessed under controlled, randomised clinical trial conditions: data from the SOPRAN and LOTUS studies","volume":"41","author":"Attwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.892141","article-title":"Effects of calcitriol on bone mineral density in patients treated with esomeprazole","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22966","article-title":"Associations between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.040","article-title":"Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease","volume":"142","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3620-1","article-title":"Vitamin D status is associated with intestinal inflammation as measured by fecal calprotectin in Crohn's disease in clinical remission","volume":"60","author":"Raftery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2531-7","article-title":"Vitamin d deficiency is associated with ulcerative colitis disease activity","volume":"58","author":"Blanck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305523","article-title":"Treatment of bone loss in osteopenic patients with Crohn's disease: a double-blind, randomised trial of oral risedronate 35 mg once weekly or placebo, concomitant with calcium and vitamin D supplementation","volume":"63","author":"van Bodegraven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001443","article-title":"Vitamin D in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"El Amrousy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju002","article-title":"Increased ultraviolet light exposure is associated with reduced risk of inpatient surgery among patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"9","author":"Govani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1159\/000350616","article-title":"Risk of metabolic bone disease is increased both during and after weaning off parenteral nutrition in pediatric intestinal failure","volume":"79","author":"Mutanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533614539178","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency and response to oral supplementation in patients receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition","volume":"29","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114527135","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in children with intestinal failure receiving home parenteral nutrition","volume":"39","author":"Wozniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.127","article-title":"Propionate promotes vitamin D receptor expression via yes-associated protein in rats with short bowel syndrome","volume":"523","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172183","article-title":"Vitamin D status in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Nwosu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061028","article-title":"Vitamin D in irritable bowel syndrome: exploring its role in symptom relief and pathophysiology","volume":"17","author":"Aggeletopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-268342","article-title":"Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior","volume":"29","author":"Patrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03141","article-title":"Relationships between vitamin D, gut microbiome, and systemic autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1842-7","article-title":"Vitamin D and the gut microbiome: a systematic review of in vivo studies","volume":"58","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218565","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1218565","article-title":"The lung-gut crosstalk in respiratory and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7090","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7090","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense","volume":"181","author":"Hansdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.02.003","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation, chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma exacerbations, and lung function decline","volume":"155","author":"Gold","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12384","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on severe asthma exacerbations in children with asthma and low vitamin D levels: the VDKA randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Forno","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.05.037","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on total and allergen-specific IgE in children with asthma and low vitamin D levels","volume":"149","author":"Rosser","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524000953","article-title":"A 12-week double-blind randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of dietary supplementation with 125 mug\/d vitamin D in adults with asthma","volume":"132","author":"Watkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915176","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements for prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease","volume":"383","author":"Ganmaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.05.010","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent tuberculosis infection in south African schoolchildren: multicenter phase 3 double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial (ViDiKids)","volume":"134","author":"Middelkoop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04015","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04015","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on resolution of fever and cough in children with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized double-blind controlled trial in Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Tamara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-0936OC","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D(3) during tuberculosis treatment in Mongolia. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"196","author":"Ganmaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.101179","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and respiratory tract infections requiring hospital admission: unmatched case-control analysis of ethnic groups from the United Kingdom biobank cohort","volume":"123","author":"Bournot","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1807154\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:39:57Z","timestamp":1779082797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1807154\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1807154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1807154","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"article-number":"1807154"}}