{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:08:02Z","timestamp":1792195682853,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Guangzhou","award":["2025QN012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025QN012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82474209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82474209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n The medicinal plant\n Sophora flavescens<\/jats:italic>\n (SF) and the insect\n Periplaneta americana<\/jats:italic>\n (PA) have long been used in treating diabetic wounds. PA-derived extracellular vesicle-like particles (PA-EVLP) can accelerate diabetic wound healing. However, no evidence of the nutritional components and anti-diabetic wound effects of the combination of SF-EVLP with PA-EVLP (SF-PA-EVLPs) is available.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We separated SF-EVLP and PA-EVLP via ultracentrifugation and characterized them via nano flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC\/MS) was used to analyze the nutritional content of proteins, lipids, amino acids, phenols, and flavonoids in SF-EVLP and PA-EVLP. Moreover, we comprehensively evaluated the effects of SF-PA-EVLPs on wound healing and related complications in diabetic rats and systematically elucidated the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The size of SF-EVLPs and PA-EVLPs was in the nanometer range, and they had a lipid bilayer structure. They contained abundant bioactive substances, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In diabetic rat models, SF-PA-EVLPs had better wound healing effects than PA extract alone and significantly promoted diabetic wound healing. Concurrently, SF-PA-EVLPs had negligible effects on bone formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats while ameliorating pancreatic injury. Moreover, several key substances within SF-PA-EVLPs exhibited significant enrichment in the EGFR signaling pathway with strong binding affinity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n At the dosage and treatment duration used in this study, combined therapy with SF-PA-EVLPs had stronger diabetic wound healing effects compared to clinically used PA extracts. Here, we also established the first cross-kingdom modulation system, providing a novel approach for developing nano-nutritional therapeutics based on medicinal plants, edible insects, and foods.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1807919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:53:45Z","timestamp":1777442025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nutritional properties of extracellular vesicle-like particles from Sophora flavescens and Periplaneta americana with effects on streptozotocin-induced diabetic wound healing in rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhengting","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese herbal-derived vesicles, 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