{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:33:35Z","timestamp":1792290815583,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The growing demand for environmentally friendly, functional food sources underscores the importance of nutrient-rich alternatives. Spirulina (\n                    <jats:italic>Arthrospira platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with its high protein content and rich micronutrient profile, has emerged as a promising candidate for this purpose. This review systematically evaluates the chemical composition, bioactive components, and potential health benefits relevant to food applications, drawing on peer-reviewed studies from 2015\u20132025. Spirulina biomass is characterized by a rich content of protein, complex carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, while compounds such as C-phycocyanin, chlorophyll, \u03b2-carotene, and phenolics contribute significantly to antioxidant activity. Preclinical and limited clinical evidence indicate benefits, including reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation, improved glycemic control, improved lipid profile, and modulation of immune responses. Despite variations due to production conditions and potential contamination with heavy metals, Spirulina's low land and water requirements, along with high biomass yield, make it a sustainable protein source. Its incorporation into foods such as bakery and dairy products demonstrates potential for functional food development. Future research should concentrate on standardizing processing and encapsulation approaches to enhance sensory acceptance, and strategies such as taste masking, fermentation, and optimized product design will be key to achieving consumer-friendly, bioactive-rich products. This study emphasizes Spirulina's promise as a sustainable, functional food ingredient, and provides guidance for scalable application in the food industry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1810841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:40:06Z","timestamp":1776228006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spirulina as a sustainable functional ingredient: nutrient density, bioactives, and food applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marwa Ezz El-Din","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selinay","family":"Demirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University","place":["Tekirda\u011f, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seydi","family":"Y\u0131km\u0131\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University","place":["Tekirda\u011f, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazan","family":"Tokatl\u0131 Demirok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University","place":["Tekirda\u011f, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa Bushra Omer","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin K.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111338","article-title":"Microalgae as a sustainable source of edible proteins and bioactive peptides \u2013 current trends and future prospects","volume":"157","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104648","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina (Arthrospira) spp","volume":"151","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable.","year":"2022"},{"key":"B4","year":"2025","journal-title":"World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1073546","article-title":"Microalgae as next generation plant growth additives: functions, applications, challenges and circular bioeconomy based solutions","author":"Parmar","year":"","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JCB-240151","volume":"10","author":"Sahil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spirulina platensisJ Cell Biotechnol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2023.15.59","article-title":"Spirulina: pharmacological activities and health benefits","volume":"15","author":"Saraswathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Young Pharm."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11090257","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from Spirulina spp","volume":"11","author":"Marjanovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Separations."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5387","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225387","article-title":"Spirulina\u2014an invaluable source of macro- and micronutrients with broad biological activity and application potential","volume":"29","author":"Podg\u00f3rska-Kryszczuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105170","article-title":"Application of Spirulina as an innovative ingredient in pasta and bakery products","volume":"62","author":"Nejatian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45523-0_3","article-title":"Spirulina as a food of the future","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Potential of Cyanobacteria","author":"Amin","year":"2024"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.21005\/AAPZ2023.67.3.2","volume":"368","author":"Kazimierska","year":"2023","journal-title":"ArthrospiraFolia Pomeranae Univ Technol Stetin Agric Aliment Piscaria Zootech."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108541","article-title":"Large-scale production of Spirulina-based proteins and c-phycocyanin: a biorefinery approach","volume":"185","author":"Thevarajah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Eng J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11223063","article-title":"Tendencies affecting the growth and cultivation of genus Spirulina: an investigative review on current trends","volume":"11","author":"AlFadhly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455553","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1455553","article-title":"Manufacturing processes, additional nutritional value and versatile food applications of fresh microalgae Spirulina","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00888-3","article-title":"A review on techno-economic assessment of Spirulina for sustainable nutraceutical, medicinal, environmental, and bioenergy applications","volume":"12","author":"Musa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour Bioprocess."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223656","article-title":"Chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) in food, feed, and medicine","volume":"13","author":"Sp\u00ednola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1005474","article-title":"Advances in Spirulina cultivation: techniques, challenges, and applications","volume-title":"Insights into Algae - Fundamentals, Culture Techniques and Biotechnological Uses of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria","author":"Berden Zrimec","year":"2024"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202200704","article-title":"Food and drug industry applications of microalgae Spirulina platensis: a review","volume":"63","author":"Maddiboyina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.110997","article-title":"Microencapsulated Spirulina maxima biomass as an ingredient for the production of nutritionally enriched and sensorially well-accepted vegan biscuits","volume":"142","author":"Paula da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3390\/su151511906","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of Spirulina platensis sp. at different salinity and nutrient compositions for sustainable cultivation in Vietnam","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112780","article-title":"Optimization of antioxidant activity properties of a thermosonicated beetroot (Beta vulgaris L","volume":"154","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.15586\/ijfs.v37i2.2859","article-title":"Effect of microencapsulation by spray drying on the protein content of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)","volume":"37","author":"Castillo-Barzola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Food Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.21608\/assjm.2018.214391","article-title":"Utilization of Sprulina algae to improve the nutritional value of Kiwifruits and Cantaloupe nectar blends","volume":"54","author":"Hem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Agric Sci Moshtohor."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140647","article-title":"C-phycocyanin and quaternized chitosan based antibiotic-free hydrogels with antioxidant and antibacterial activity for wound healing","volume":"302","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040592","article-title":"Exploring the benefits of phycocyanin: from Spirulina cultivation to its widespread applications","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2019.03.001","article-title":"Microalgae: a potential alternative to health supplementation for humans","volume":"8","author":"Koyande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci Human Wellness."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101617","article-title":"Microalgae of interest as food source: biochemical composition and digestibility","volume":"42","author":"Niccolai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2024.100401","article-title":"Evaluation of the functional properties of ethanolic and polysaccharide extracts of Spirulina platensis","volume":"31","author":"Habibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106158","article-title":"Spirulina polysaccharide-based prebiotic foods preparations-a promising approach for modulating gut microbiota and improving health","volume":"116","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5584","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175584","article-title":"Trends and technological advancements in the possible food applications of Spirulina and their health benefits: a review","volume":"27","author":"AlFadhly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6849","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126849","volume":"13","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spirulina platensisSustainability."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.53388\/LR20230015","article-title":"The nutritional value of Spirulina and utilization research","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Res."},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Fatty acids, minerals composition, and antimicrobial activity of the blue-green microalga (Spirulina platensis) isolated from Qilyasan Stream, Vol\n          \n          \n            \n              Farkha\n              TKJ\n            \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05837-2","article-title":"The benefits of dietary fiber: the gastrointestinal tract and beyond","volume":"38","author":"Snauwaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276231167778","article-title":"The importance of dietary fiber for metabolic health","volume":"17","author":"Bulsiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15430","article-title":"Role of dietary fiber in promoting immune health\u2014An EAACI position paper","volume":"77","author":"Venter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-06969-4","article-title":"Visualising and analysing the research trends of dietary fiber: a bibliometric study","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Appl Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8121","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178121","article-title":"Production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis enriched in \u03b2-glucans through phosphorus limitation","volume":"11","author":"Markou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.07.012","article-title":"Structural characterization of oligosaccharide from Spirulina platensis and its effect on the faecal microbiota in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci Human Wellness."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.15586\/ijfs.v36i3.2531","article-title":"The stability of phycocyanin extracted from Arthrospira platensis against osmotic, acid, and temperature stress conditions","volume":"36","author":"Shafieiyoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital J Food Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/27697061.2022.2103852","article-title":"Spirulina- an edible cyanobacterium with potential therapeutic health benefits and toxicological consequences","volume":"42","author":"Gogna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Nutr Assoc."},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Spirulina extract.","year":"2022"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.15150","article-title":"Determination of bioactive properties of protein and pigments obtained from Spirulina platensis","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Process Preserv"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/26388081.2025.2509847","article-title":"Detection of proximate, phytochemical compositions, phycocyanin and antioxidant activity of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina)","volume":"6","author":"Babashpour-Asl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Phycol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8001","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-024-05540-2","article-title":"Development of a novel method for the extraction of phycocyanin pigment from Spirulina platensis and assessment of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities","volume":"15","author":"Bougatef","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomass Convers Biorefin."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.23920","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Spirulina platensis produced in Turkey","volume":"41","author":"Guldas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-017-0786-6","article-title":"Antioxidant properties and polyphenolic content in terrestrial cyanobacteria","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.10.029","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of polyphenolic compounds from Spirulina against food-borne bacterial pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Alshuniaber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030676","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Spirulina consumption on brain health","volume":"14","author":"Trotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102240","article-title":"Anti-oxidation properties and therapeutic potentials of Spirulina","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5825401","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5825401","article-title":"Cancer vaccines: toward the next breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"2020","author":"Igarashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211005390","article-title":"Cancer and stem cells","volume":"246","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfab118","article-title":"The chemoprevention of Spirulina platensis and garlic against diethylnitrosamine induced liver cancer in rats via amelioration of inflammatory cytokines expression and oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Abouzed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.04.004","article-title":"Dietary interventions and precision nutrition in cancer therapy","volume":"29","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020091","article-title":"Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis as potential anti-cancer drug: review of in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"11","author":"Braune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.08.010","article-title":"Spirulina polysaccharide induces the metabolic shifts and gut microbiota change of lung cancer in mice","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Res Food Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101139","article-title":"Study the antioxidant effects of blue-green algae Spirulina extract on ROS and MDA production in human lung cancer cells","volume":"28","author":"Tajvidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118827","article-title":"Spirulina inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma through activating p53 and apoptosis and suppressing oxidative stress and angiogenesis","volume":"265","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6527","article-title":"Spirulina extract enriched for Braun-type lipoprotein (Immulina\u00ae) for inhibition of 4T1 breast tumors' growth and metastasis","volume":"34","author":"Kefayat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4103\/epj.epj_352_23","article-title":"Antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of spirulina against 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary cancer","volume":"23","author":"Hamdy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt Pharm J."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9085","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109085","article-title":"The management of diabetes mellitus using medicinal plants and vitamins","volume":"24","author":"Yedjou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0278-5","article-title":"Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications","volume":"16","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110263","article-title":"The application of metabolomics in investigating anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants","volume":"128","author":"Hasanpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2023.2238050","volume":"40","author":"Ahda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spirulina platensisFood Rev Int."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902022e191140","article-title":"Effect of Spirulina on lipid profile, glucose and malondialdehyde levels in type 2 diabetic patients","author":"Rostami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Pharm Sci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7674","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled add-on trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and anti-atherogenic effect of Spirulina platensis in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Karizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.009","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis and evaluation of its anticancer, antidiabetic and antiinflammatory effect","volume":"153","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102791","article-title":"Spirulina compounds show hypoglycemic activity and intestinal flora regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice","volume":"66","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.15586\/qas.v17i1.1525","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel bioactive peptide from red seaweed (Pyropia vietnamensis) proteins","volume":"17","author":"Basri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qual Assur Safety Crops Foods."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101622","article-title":"Global cardiovascular diseases death rate prediction","volume":"48","author":"Gaidai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2023.2301366","article-title":"The effects of Spirulina supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: a narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Sokary","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228706","article-title":"A novel promising frontier for human health: the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"21","author":"Carrizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050642","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Spirulina supplementation in the management of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"16","author":"Prete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2047209","article-title":"Spirulina extract improves age-induced vascular dysfunction","volume":"60","author":"Majewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm Biol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6657077","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6657077","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Spirulina aqueous extract on vasodilator function of arteries from hypertensive rats","volume":"2020","author":"Villalpando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Vasc Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6181","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7254","article-title":"Antihypertensive and antihyperlipemic of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) sauce on patients with hypertension: a randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Ghaem Far","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13213512","article-title":"Spirulina unleashed: a pancreatic symphony to restore glycemic balance and improve hyperlipidemia and antioxidant properties by transcriptional modulation of genes in a rat model","volume":"13","author":"Nazir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106802","article-title":"The effect of Spirulina supplementation on lipid profile: GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of data from randomized controlled trials","volume":"193","author":"Rahnama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08740-1","article-title":"The innate part of the adaptive immune system","volume":"58","author":"Hillion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020196","article-title":"Effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training and spirulina supplementation on immunoglobin levels, cardio-respiratory fitness, and body composition of overweight and obese women","volume":"11","author":"Nobari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2021-0033","article-title":"The preventive role of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) in immune and oxidative insults in a stress-induced rat model","volume":"65","author":"Seyidoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.4103\/2468-8827.330650","article-title":"Spirulina","volume":"6","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Noncommun Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03858-z","volume":"20","author":"Abdelfatah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spirulina platensisBMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"623","volume-title":"SpirulinaRev Fish Biol Fish.","author":"Rana","year":"2024"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.46235\/1028-7221-17042-COT","article-title":"Correction of the condition in HIV-infected patients with Spirulina","volume":"28","author":"Akhmedzhanova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Russ J Immunol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.06.049","article-title":"Antiviral potential of spirulina in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus or Hepatis C virus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"McKinley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204346","article-title":"Effects on Spirulina supplementation on immune cells' parameters of elite college athletes","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.12.037","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin-a novel protein from Spirulina platensis- in vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory studies","volume":"28","author":"Grover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3390\/md18110538","article-title":"Immunostimulatory effects of polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis in vivo and vitro and their activation mechanism on RAW246","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234891","article-title":"Spirulina supplementation with high-intensity interval training decreases adipokines levels and cardiovascular risk factors in men with obesity","volume":"15","author":"Supriya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9539286","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9539286","article-title":"The combinatory effect of spirulina supplementation and resistance exercise on plasma contents of Adipolin, Apelin, Ghrelin, and Gucose in overweight and obese men","volume":"2022","author":"Mohammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001003","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-001003","article-title":"Effects of spirulina on weight loss and blood lipids: a review","volume":"7","author":"Dinicolantonio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Heart."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-024-00595-2","article-title":"Spirulina supplementation and circuit resistance training (CRT) reduce serum asprosin and appetite and improve energy balance in men with obesity and overweight","volume":"24","author":"Hossein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hormones."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2021.09.003","article-title":"Impact of spirulina supplementation on obesity-related metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Boh\u00f3rquez-Medina","year":"2021","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.21608\/zumj.2024.314413.3534","article-title":"An insight about possible neuroprotective role of Spirulina platensis","volume":"31","author":"Abdelmoniem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zagazig Univ Med J"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3390\/md19060293","article-title":"Spirulina microalgae and brain health: a scoping review of experimental and clinical evidence","volume":"19","author":"Sorrenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar Drugs."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101619","article-title":"Oxidative stress: the core pathogenesis and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"77","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7791","article-title":"The effects of Spirulina intake on clinical and metabolic parameters in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104706","volume":"86","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spirulina platensisJ Funct Foods."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-024-01191-2","volume":"40","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spirulina platensisIndian J Clin Biochem."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-024-00543-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the ameliorative potency of Spirulina platensis against cerebellar damage induced by methotrexate in male rats: histopathological, ultrastructural, molecular, and biochemical studies","author":"Kandil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106387","article-title":"Investigation of neurochemical and behavioral alterations in the brain during fibromyalgia with supplementation of Spirulina platensis","volume":"121","author":"Tranchida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.04.027","article-title":"The prevention role of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) on intestinal health","volume":"11","author":"Asmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci Human Wellness."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2323112","article-title":"Shedding light on the impacts of Spirulina platensis on gut microbiota and related health benefits","volume":"65","author":"de Brito Alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15489","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spirulina platensisJ Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.101997","article-title":"Effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on growth performance, body composition, haematology, immune response, and gut microflora of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis","volume":"35","author":"Zahan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103337","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with a mixture of Dunaliella salina and Spirulina enhances broiler performance by improving growth, immunity, digestive enzymes and gut microbiota","volume":"103","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poultry Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740802","article-title":"Effects of partial replacement of fishmeal with Spirulina platensis powder and addition of Spirulina platensis polysaccharide on growth, nutrition, antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota of Micropterus salmoides","volume":"586","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04400-w","article-title":"Effects of Spirulina supplementation in patients with ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"Moradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111701","article-title":"Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) improved nonalcoholic fatty liver disease characteristics and microbiota and did not affect organ fibrosis induced by a fructose-enriched diet in Wistar male rats","volume":"16","author":"Fakhoury-Sayegh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B112","first-page":"69","article-title":"Spirulina consumption: concerns regarding contaminants and uncommon but possible adverse reactions and interactions","volume":"10","author":"Kerna","year":"2022","journal-title":"EC Pharmacol Toxicol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051175","article-title":"Microbiota and cyanotoxin content of retail Spirulina supplements and Spirulina supplemented foods","volume":"11","author":"Rhoades","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.3390\/w15223962","article-title":"Study of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) development under the heavy metals influence, as a potential promoter of wastewater remediation","volume":"15","author":"Diaconu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-021-01324-2","article-title":"Cyanotoxin contamination in commercial Spirulina food supplements","volume":"16","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Verbraucherschutz Lebensmittelsicherh."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17076","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317076","article-title":"Potential protective effects of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) against in vitro toxicity induced by heavy metals (Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells","volume":"24","author":"Mallamaci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-025-00260-0","article-title":"Assessment of potential effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a bio-remedial agent against strontium and thallium contamination","volume":"17","author":"Yadav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Environ Health Sci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12260-3","article-title":"Dietary exposure to trace elements (B, Ba, Li, Ni, Sr, and V) and toxic metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) from the consumption of commercial preparations of Spirulina platensis","volume":"28","author":"Rubio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/10408391003721719","article-title":"United states pharmacopeia safety evaluation of Spirulina","volume":"51","author":"Marles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B120","unstructured":"GRAS notice: Spirulina (Cyanotech Corporation)\n          \n          2003"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11060849","article-title":"Nutritional quality and safety of the Spirulina dietary supplements sold on the Slovenian market","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/17451000.2022.2101122","article-title":"Spirulina- a marine miracle for sustainable food system","volume":"21","author":"Pal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar Biol Res."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-022-10537-8","article-title":"Spirulina-based biostimulants for sustainable agriculture: yield improvement and market trends","volume":"16","author":"Arahou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioenergy Res."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.22271\/tpi.2021.v10.i3k.5889","article-title":"Cultivation of Spirulina: an innovative approach to boost up agricultural productivity","volume":"10","author":"Sow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharma Innov."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2025.414251","article-title":"The multifaceted role of spirulina in environmental sustainability: applications in aquatic systems and ecosystem management","volume":"29","author":"Shalaby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104537","article-title":"Upcycling food processing industrial wastes in Spirulina cultivation: a perspective on the advancement of Sustainable Development Goal 12","volume":"149","author":"Thevarajah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15586\/ijfs.v37i4.3033","article-title":"Comprehensive review of alginate: sources, synthesis, and application in the food packaging sector","volume":"37","author":"Bouzenad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Food Sci."},{"key":"B128","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Functional Foods: Principles and Technology"},{"key":"B129","first-page":"1197","volume-title":"Arthrospira platensisInt J Food Sci Technol.","author":"Chang","year":"2024"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128999","article-title":"Development and characterization of a novel flavored functional fermented whey-based sports beverage fortified with Spirulina platensis","volume":"258","author":"Elkot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2025.102429","article-title":"Consumer attitudes and preferences of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis): a systematic scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Migliore","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104847","article-title":"Cracking Spirulina flavor: compounds, sensory evaluations, and solutions","volume":"156","author":"Braga-Souto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070979","article-title":"Nutritional, functional, textural and sensory evaluation of Spirulina enriched green pasta: a potential dietary and health supplement","volume":"11","author":"Koli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B134","first-page":"735","article-title":"Research on the nutritional value, bioactive compounds content and antioxidant capacity of Spirulina","volume":"67","author":"Catan\u0103","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Papers Series B. Hortic."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020355","article-title":"Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on physical and chemical properties of semolina (Triticum durum) based fresh pasta","volume":"27","author":"Raczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-024-05308-8","article-title":"Comparative analysis of nutritional and bioactive components in Algerian and Egyptian Spirulina from Tamanrasset and Khatatba regions","volume":"15","author":"Ben Mya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers Biorefin."},{"key":"B137","first-page":"129","volume-title":"ArthrospiraProcess Biochem.","author":"Michalak","year":"2020"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.17265\/2161-6264\/2020.05.004","article-title":"Physicochemical and thermal characterization of the Spirulina platensis","volume":"10","author":"Manrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Agric Sci Technol B"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2025.100741","article-title":"Spirulina maxima as a valuable ingredient: determination of broad fatty acid and amino acid profiles and nutritional quality and anti-amylase capacity","volume":"5","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Food Res."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30071499","article-title":"Chemical characterization, lipid profile, and volatile compounds in Chlorella sp. and Spirulina platensis: a promising feedstock for various applications","volume":"30","author":"Senila","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.15446\/rfnam.v79.119050","article-title":"Biostimulation of Moringa oleifera Lam. seedlings with freshwater microalgae extract (Spirulina)","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev Fac Nacl Agron Medell"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.24925\/turjaf.v14i1.246-255.8313","article-title":"Physicochemical and sensory properties of potato snacks fortified with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)","volume":"14","author":"Aboelfotouh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/app13021011","article-title":"Spirulina supplements as a source of mineral nutrients in the daily diet","volume":"13","author":"Janda-Milczarek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3390\/md20050299","article-title":"Wide range applications of Spirulina: from earth to space missions","volume":"20","author":"Fais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.102324","article-title":"Growth performance, antioxidative status, and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed dietary fermented Spirulina platensis","volume":"39","author":"Sherif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2025.101689","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplements Sargassum ilicifolium and Spirulina platensis on growth parameters, immunity and gene expression in Juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"19","author":"Khanzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04058-z","article-title":"The effects of dietary Spirulina platensis or curcumin nanoparticles on performance, body chemical composition, blood biochemical, digestive enzyme, antioxidant and immune activities of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings","volume":"20","author":"Eissa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2025.100519","article-title":"Effect of spirulina supplementation on growth, immunity, antioxidant status and pathomorphological perspectives in broilers exposed to dietary aflatoxin B1","volume":"34","author":"Salah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Poultry Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532353","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1532353","article-title":"Impact of dietary Spirulina on performance, antioxidant status, carcass traits and pathological alteration in broilers exposed to ochratoxin A stress","volume":"11","author":"Salah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5236","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2364366","article-title":"Dietary Spirulina platensis a promising growth promotor and immune stimulant in broiler chickens","volume":"39","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101743","article-title":"Effect of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) incorporation on the rheological and bioactive properties of gluten-free fresh pasta","volume":"45","author":"Fradinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110959","article-title":"Effect of Spirulina platensis on the structure and aggregation of gluten proteins to improve texture and physiochemical properties of wheat noodles","volume":"162","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.31315\/1pvmhh26","article-title":"Formulating nutritious wet noodles with Spirulina platensis: exploring proximate composition, antioxidant activity, and consumer preferences marine and fisheries polytechnic of jembrana formulating nutritious wet noodles with Spirulina platensis: exploring proximate composition, antioxidant activity, and consumer preferences","author":"Nurmala Dewi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Eng J."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.35516\/jjas.v20i1.1142","article-title":"Novel development of pasta enriched with Spirulina platensis microalgae: biochemical and histological parameters","volume":"20","author":"El-Sharnouby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jordan J Agric Sci."},{"key":"B155","volume-title":"Physicochemical characteristics, structural and functional profiling, and Spirulina supplementation effects on pasta matrix: quality evaluation of gluten-free pasta","author":"Nadia","year":"2024"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116162","article-title":"Developing a functional gluten-free sourdough bread by incorporating quinoa, amaranth, rice and spirulina","volume":"201","author":"Pe\u00f1alver","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203724","article-title":"Effect of spirulina in bread formulated with wheat flours of different alveograph strength","volume":"12","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13030625","article-title":"Effect of spirulina microalgae powder in gluten-free biscuits and snacks formulated with quinoa flour","volume":"13","author":"Hussein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10820132241248486","DOI":"10.1177\/10820132241248486","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of corn flour, Spirulina powder, and buffalo yogurt on the quality characteristics of gluten-free muffins","author":"Erem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol Int."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2024.1510062","article-title":"Development of a functional food snack product utilizing underexplored and underutilized ingredients: spirulina microalgae and bilberry","volume":"15","author":"Boyle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Nutr Sci."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2024.101050","article-title":"The impact of adding different levels of spirulina on the characteristics of halloumi cheese","volume":"38","author":"Karimy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Gastron Food Sci."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2024.299103.1249","article-title":"Effect of Spirulina powder on physical and chemical composition of yoghurt produced from milk of different somatic cell counts","volume":"52","author":"Ragab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet J."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.47836\/ifrj.31.1.14","article-title":"Effect of Spirulina platensis on probiotic, nutritional, and quality properties of yogurt","volume":"31","author":"Din\u00e7oglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Food Res J."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172825","article-title":"Effect of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) fortification on physicochemical, nutritional, bioactive, textural, and sensory properties of vegan basil pesto","volume":"16","author":"Podg\u00f3rska-Kryszczuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.12873\/451bohorquez","article-title":"Evidence-based formulation and overall acceptability of spirulina-enriched functional ice cream","volume":"45","author":"Boh\u00f3rquez Medina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Diet Hosp."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-024-00298-6","article-title":"Development and characterization of high-protein flakes made from Spirulina platensis in instant cereal drinks enriched with probiotic milk powder","volume":"7","author":"Aprilia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Prod Process Nutr."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11070389","article-title":"Incorporation of agglomerated Spirulina platensis powder in yogurt: a strategy for enhancing nutritional quality and bioactive compounds","volume":"11","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/agf2.70008","article-title":"Development, nutritional evaluation, and shelf-life study of a jackfruit-based meat analogue enriched with legumes and Spirulina","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2026","journal-title":"AgriFood J Agric Prod Food."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17246","DOI":"10.55248\/gengpi.6.0525.1949","article-title":"Protein balls: nutritional and functional exploration of Spirulina from cyanobacteria","volume":"6","author":"Vala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Res Publ Rev."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052658","article-title":"Profiling the Spirulina dietary supplements available on the Romanian market","volume":"15","author":"Bocaneala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919482","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1919482","article-title":"Consumer-oriented product development: the conceptualization of novel food products based on Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and resulting consumer expectations","volume":"2018","author":"Grahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Food Qual."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8010007","article-title":"Spirulina for skin care: a bright blue future","volume":"8","author":"Ragusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cosmetics."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1810841\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T15:37:40Z","timestamp":1776267460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1810841\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":172,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1810841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1810841","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"article-number":"1810841"}}