{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:16:02Z","timestamp":1789186562206,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to systematically clarify the changes in the concentrations of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the differences from healthy mothers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 156 human milk samples were collected from 50 mothers (26 healthy mothers and 24 GDM mothers) in Danyang City at different lactation stages (0\u20137\u202fdays, 8\u201314\u202fdays, 1\u202fmonth, and 3\u202fmonths postpartum). By using the method of UPLC\u2013MS\/MS to analyse the concentration of HMOs, comparing the changes and the differences of HMO concentrations between healthy mothers and GDM mothers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intergroup comparisons of the concentrations of total HMO and 32 individual HMOs were performed at 0\u20137\u202fdays, 8\u201314\u202fdays, 1\u202fmonth, and 3\u202fmonths postpartum. After adjusting for covariates (age, BMI, gestational days, mid-trimester blood glucose, and gestational weight gain) by using the generalized estimating equation (GEE), it was found that GDM was significantly correlated with specific HMOs, with the specific results showing that 7 HMOs, including 2\u2032-fucosyllactose (2\u2019-FL), lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH-I) and 3\u2019-Sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine (3\u2019-SLN), differed significantly in relation to GDM (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>all<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Time was closely associated with the total HMOs concentration and other individual HMOs. The total HMOs concentration at 1\u202fmonth and 3\u202fmonths postpartum was significantly lower than that in colostrum (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05); Specific HMOs exhibited distinct temporal variation patterns: for example, three kinds of HMOs including 2\u2019-FL showed a downward trend starting from 8\u201314 days postpartum; the concentrations of eight kinds of HMOs such as lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP-II) and Lacto-N-triose II (LNT-2) decreased significantly at 1\u202fmonth and 3\u202fmonths postpartum; HMOs such as 6-sialyllactose (6\u2019-SL) and lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) showed a significant reduction only at 3\u202fmonths postpartum. Analysis of the interaction between GDM and time indicated that the magnitude of the decrease in the concentrations of 3 HMOs including Disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) and N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAC) in the GDM group at 8\u201314\u202fdays postpartum was significantly greater than that in the healthy mother group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The total concentration of HMOs in GDM mothers was lower than that in healthy mothers at all time points and showed a downward trend. Meanwhile, the study found that GDM is associated with the concentrations of individual HMOs, and the HMO concentrations in GDM mothers differ from that in healthy mothers at different lactation stages, with all being lower than those in healthy mothers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1816715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:37:05Z","timestamp":1781501825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamics and compositional profiles of human milk oligosaccharides in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus across lactation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shihao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Milk Science, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Milk Science, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Milk Science, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengtong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangnan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Milk Science, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050304","article-title":"The effect of gestational and lactational age on the human Milk metabolome","volume":"8","author":"Sundekilde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061408","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with lactation stage and Lewis phenotype in a Chinese 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