{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:10:47Z","timestamp":1777864247673,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Basic Research Business Project","award":["GNK 2026YP058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNK 2026YP058"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Basic Research Business Project","award":["GNK 2025YP145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNK 2025YP145"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Basic Research Business Project","award":["GNK2026YT164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNK2026YT164"]}]},{"name":"Agriculture Research System of China Guangxi Innovation Team-Specialty Fruits","award":["nycytxgxcxtd-2024-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nycytxgxcxtd-2024-17"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Program","award":["GNK\/GKN-AB241484003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNK\/GKN-AB241484003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Crabapple (\n                    <jats:italic>Malus prunifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Willd.) Borkh) is valued for its ornamental appearance, effectiveness as a rootstock, and rich nutritional profile. However, the flavor profile and metabolite composition are poorly characterized, which hinders a comprehensive assessment of its overall value. This study combined broad-spectrum untargeted metabolomics with electronic tongue analysis to systematically characterize the flavor and metabolite profiles of\n                    <jats:italic>M. prunifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                    across four distinct ripening stages, thereby clarifying the relationship between flavor and metabolites and uncovering the metabolic basis of flavor formation. The results indicated that the fundamental flavor characteristics remained relatively stable throughout ripening, with an overall trend toward increased sweetness and reduced sourness, bitterness, and astringency. Among these attributes, sweetness and sourness were the primary indicators of ripeness. The increase in sweetness was associated with changes in fructose, glucose, sucrose, D-mannitol, and D-sorbitol, and the reduction in sourness was associated with changes in ketoglutaric acid, aconitate, as well as significant enrichment of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Diverse flavonoids (including quercitrin, astragalin, rutin, mangiferin, neohesperidin, catechin, and (\u2212)-epicatechin), triterpenoids (including maslinic acid, corosolic acid, and alphitolic acid), and phenolic acids (including cryptochlorogenic acid) were identified. While these metabolites contribute to bitterness and astringency, and also impart substantial functional properties. The results provide a reference for assessing the nutritional value of\n                    <jats:italic>M. prunifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , facilitating resource utilization and targeted extraction of bioactive compounds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1823361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:38:52Z","timestamp":1777527532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of taste profile dynamics during crabapple (Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh.) ripening by metabolomics and electronic tongue analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Hua","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Ying","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu-Xia","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng-Jin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gan-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruits","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s006060170072","article-title":"Taxonomy of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) with emphasis on the cultivated apple, Malus domestica Borkh","volume":"226","author":"Robinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Syst Evol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R757","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12434","article-title":"Functional properties of vinegar","volume":"79","author":"Budak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135091","article-title":"Bioassay-guided preparation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory active fraction from crabapples (Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh.)","volume":"406","author":"Abuduaini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2019.01.003","article-title":"Phenolic profile, antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity of crabapple fruits","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hortic Plant J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.04.074","article-title":"Metabolic variation and antioxidant potential of Malus prunifolia (wild apple) compared with high flavon-3-ol containing fruits (apple, grapes) and beverage (black tea)","volume":"163","author":"Maria John","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.13478\/j.cnki.jasyu.2013.01.012","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid and total flavonoids changes in fruit of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) during development and ripening","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Yanbian Univ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.105","article-title":"E-nose and e-tongue combination for improved recognition of fruit juice samples","volume":"150","author":"Haddi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207053","article-title":"Discrimination of sweet cherry cultivars based on electronic tongue potentiometric fingerprints","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2024.2360084","article-title":"Comparison of flavor profiles of honey peach cultivars by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with odor activity values (OAVs), E-tongue, and sensory evaluation combined with chemometrics","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal Lett"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108879","article-title":"Collaborative analysis on difference of apple fruits flavour using electronic nose and electronic tongue","volume":"260","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111204","article-title":"Amino acid metabolomic analysis involved in flavor quality and cold tolerance in peach fruit treated with exogenous glycine betaine","volume":"157","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.12.003","article-title":"Electronic tongue for sensing taste changes with apricots during storage","volume":"131","author":"Kantor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138456","article-title":"Distinct changes of taste quality and metabolite profile in different tomato varieties revealed by LC-MS metabolomics","volume":"442","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100886","article-title":"Insights into the volatile flavor and quality profiles of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) during shelf-life via HS-GC-IMS, E-nose, and E-tongue","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem X"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00198","article-title":"Molecular regulation of fruit ripening","volume":"4","author":"Osorio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10040134","article-title":"GC-MS based metabolite profiling to monitor ripening-specific metabolites in pineapple (Ananas comosus)","volume":"10","author":"Ikram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2010.487776","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of textural changes in ripening fruits","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Rev Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01689","article-title":"Modifications in organic acid profiles during fruit development and ripening: correlation or causation?","volume":"9","author":"Batista-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2023.112712","article-title":"Regulation of sugar metabolism in fruits","volume":"326","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"735","article-title":"Changes of tannin component content in persimmon fruits and leaves at different growth and development periods","volume-title":"Guangxi Zhiwu","author":"Lu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127567","article-title":"Assessment of organic acid accumulation and its related genes in peach","volume":"334","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.19640\/j.cnki.jtau.2020.02.002","article-title":"Nutrient content changes of 4 ornamental crabapple (Malus spp.) during fruit maturity","volume":"27","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Tianjin Agric Univ"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2020.04.015","article-title":"Automatic non-destructive video estimation of maturation levels in Fuji apple (Malus Malus pumila) fruit in orchard based on colour (Vis) and spectral (NIR) data","volume":"195","author":"Pourdarbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosyst Eng"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiia.2020.06.003","article-title":"Applications of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) in food quality-related properties determination: a review","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif Intell Agric"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(99)00104-8","article-title":"Relationship between biochemical and sensory quality characteristics of different commercial brands of salchichon","volume":"11","author":"Beriain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100641","article-title":"Relationships between sensory properties and metabolomic profiles of different apple cultivars","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem X"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10251","article-title":"Nutritional component analyses of kiwifruit in different development stages by metabonomic and transcriptomic approaches","volume":"100","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134797","article-title":"Integrative analyses of widely targeted metabolic profiling and transcriptome data reveals molecular insight into metabolomic variations during apple (Malus domestica) fruit development and ripening","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260004","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260004","article-title":"Integrative analyses of metabolome and transcriptome reveals metabolomic variations and candidate genes involved in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit quality during development and ripening","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.05.053","article-title":"Developmental changes of carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds in \u2018Honeycrisp\u2019 apple flesh","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00472","article-title":"Flavor-related quality attributes of ripe tomatoes are not significantly affected under two common household conditions","volume":"11","author":"Kanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00282.x","article-title":"The chemistry and physiology of sour taste\u2014a review","volume":"72","author":"Da Conceicao Neta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae282","article-title":"Transcriptional factor MdESE3 controls fruit acidity by activating genes regulating malic acid content in apple","volume":"196","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-025-00507-7","article-title":"Dynamic interaction of sweet and sour taste perceptions based on sucrose and citric acid","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Sci Food"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15341","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.15341","article-title":"Nutrient compositions and functional constituents of 12 crabapple cultivars (Malus Mill. species): aptitudes for fresh consumption and processing","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Process Preserv"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13129","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the metabolism of citrus flavonoids and their binding to bitter taste receptors","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109750","article-title":"Debittering of citrus juice by different processing methods: a novel approach for food industry and agro-industrial sector","volume":"276","author":"Purewal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01785","article-title":"Dynamic labeling reveals temporal changes in carbon re-allocation within the central metabolism of developing apple fruit","volume":"8","author":"Beshir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.186064","article-title":"Metabolic profiling during peach fruit development and ripening reveals the metabolic networks that underpin each developmental stage","volume":"157","author":"Lombardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200204115751","article-title":"Glycation with fructose: the bitter side of nature\u2019s own sweetener","volume":"16","author":"Amani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12194","article-title":"Functionality of sugars in foods and health","volume":"15","author":"Clemens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108633","article-title":"Expression patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism and accumulation during peach fruit development and ripening","volume":"257","author":"Aslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137104","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1137104","article-title":"QTL mapping and transcriptome analysis of sugar content during fruit ripening of Pyrus pyrifolia","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"uhaf292","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhaf292","article-title":"Molecular orchestration of malate and citrate metabolism: regulatory networks governing organic acid dynamics and fruit quality attributes","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hortic Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00552","article-title":"2-Oxoglutarate: linking TCA cycle function with amino acid, glucosinolate, flavonoid, alkaloid, and gibberellin biosynthesis","volume":"5","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12678","article-title":"Analysis of organic acid metabolism reveals citric acid and malic acid play major roles in determining acid quality during the development of kiwifruit (Actinidia eriantha)","volume":"103","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S818","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12821","article-title":"Flavor of fresh blueberry juice and the comparison to amount of sugars, acids, anthocyanidins, and physicochemical measurements","volume":"80","author":"Bett-Garber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109865","article-title":"Characterization of fruit quality traits for organic acids content and profile in a large peach germplasm collection","volume":"278","author":"Baccichet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131224","article-title":"Structure determination, bitterness evaluation and hepatic gluconeogenesis inhibitory activity of triterpenoids from the Momordica charantia fruit","volume":"372","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.111","article-title":"Characterisation and identification of triterpene saponins in the roots of red beets (Beta vulgaris L.) using two HPLC-MS systems","volume":"192","author":"Miko\u0142ajczyk-Bator","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13067","article-title":"An overview of bitter compounds in foodstuffs: classifications, evaluation methods for sensory contribution, separation and identification techniques, and mechanism of bitter taste transduction","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175377","article-title":"Plant flavonoids: chemical characteristics and biological activity","volume":"26","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmz040","article-title":"Quantitation of dietary dihydrochalcones in Indian crabapple (Malus sikkimensis) using validated high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"57","author":"Dixit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Chromatogr Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo01997e","article-title":"The effects of polyphenols and other bioactives on human health","volume":"10","author":"Fraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6792069","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6792069","article-title":"Environmentally friendly methods for flavonoid extraction from plant material: impact of their operating conditions on yield and antioxidant properties","volume":"2020","author":"Rodr\u00edguez De Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4732-9_13","volume-title":"Plant Biotechnology: Recent Advancements and Developments","author":"Saini","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20180709.006","article-title":"Chemistry and biology research on bitter-taste Chinese materia medica with function of regulating glycolipid metabolism","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D976","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky987","article-title":"ETCM: an encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1021\/jf303512q","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a naringinase from Aspergillus aculeatus JMUdb058","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b06932","article-title":"Heterologous expression and characterization of a new clade of Aspergillus \u03b1-L-Rhamnosidase suitable for citrus juice processing","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06586","article-title":"Production of prunin and naringenin by using naringinase from Aspergillus oryzae NYO-2 and their neuroprotective properties and debitterization","volume":"71","author":"Seong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30112376","article-title":"Use of naringinase to modify the sensory quality of foods and increase the bioavailability of flavonoids: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Bodakowska-Boczniewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105264","article-title":"Naringin and naringenin as anticancer agents and adjuvants in cancer combination therapy: efficacy and molecular mechanisms of action, a comprehensive narrative review","volume":"171","author":"Memariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12679","article-title":"An overview of the perception and mitigation of astringency associated with phenolic compounds","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131234","article-title":"Molecular basis of the formation and removal of fruit astringency","volume":"372","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.03.042","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of the bitterness and astringency of catechins from green tea","volume":"258","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11060699","article-title":"Fruit astringency: mechanisms, technologies, and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horticulturae"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1823361\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:38:56Z","timestamp":1777527536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1823361\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1823361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1823361","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"1823361"}}