{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:13:47Z","timestamp":1778130827372,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anemia and protein-energy wasting (PEW) are common complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are associated with disease progression. However, the prognostic significance of longitudinal hemoglobin (Hb) trajectory patterns, particularly in the context of nutritional status, remains unclear. This study aimed to identify distinct Hb trajectories in CKD stages 3\u20134 patients and evaluate their associations with renal outcomes, employing a dual analytical approach: exploratory analysis of concurrent eGFR decline and predictive analysis of subsequent dialysis risk using a landmark design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective landmark cohort study included 694 non-dialysis CKD patients from a Japanese medical center. All completed a 2-year landmark period with Hb measured at regular 90-day intervals (\u00b1 15 days). Feature-Based Clustering of Longitudinal Trajectories was applied to Hb measurements during the 2-year landmark period to identify trajectory groups. For exploratory association analysis, Cox proportional hazards regression assessed the relationship between Hb trajectories and concurrent \u226530% eGFR decline within the landmark period. For predictive risk stratification, competing risk Fine-Gray regression models (with death as the competing event) evaluated the risk of dialysis initiation occurring after the 2-year landmark period, with trajectory groups serving as baseline predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five distinct Hb trajectory groups were identified: (1) Low-Stable (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 181, 26.1%); (2) High-Stable (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 157, 22.6%); (3) Rapid-Declining (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 124, 17.9%); (4) Lowest-Plateau (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 122, 17.6%); and (5) Low-Declining (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 110, 15.9%). Group 2 patients were younger, predominantly male, with better renal function and nutritional status (higher albumin, lower BUN). During a median follow-up of 2,057 days, 163 patients (23.5%) experienced \u226530% eGFR decline over 2 years and 119 (17.1%) initiated dialysis. Compared with Group 2 (reference), all other Groups showed significantly increased risks of both outcomes. Group 3 exhibited the highest risks for both outcomes, with adjusted HRs of 9.98 (95% CI 4.45\u201322.4) and 2.99 (95% CI 1.06\u20138.56) respectively after adjusting for confounders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distinct longitudinal Hb trajectories exist in non-dialysis CKD patients and are independently associated with renal progression risk. Maintaining higher, stable Hb levels is associated with delayed renal replacement therapy initiation, whereas rapid Hb decline identifies a high-risk subgroup requiring intensive monitoring and integrated nutritional intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1830364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1778129228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feature-based clustering of hemoglobin trajectories and subsequent risk of end-stage kidney disease in stages 3\u20134 CKD: a landmark analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xichao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunya","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxiu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Central Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.451","article-title":"A predictive model for progression of chronic kidney disease to kidney failure","volume":"305","author":"Tangri","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for anemia in chronic kidney disease: problems and solutions. 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