{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:43:14Z","timestamp":1777300994770,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is an established therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D), offering robust glycemic control and weight reduction. Vitamin D has been implicated in metabolic regulation, yet its influence on semaglutide-induced outcomes remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 5,384 adults with T2D, enrolled in Leumit Health Services, who initiated semaglutide therapy between February 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022. All patients had documented serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels prior to treatment initiation. Metabolic outcomes- including glycemic control (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and lipid profile- were assessed at 12\u202fmonths. Associations between baseline 25(OH)D levels and metabolic changes were evaluated using multivariable regression models, adjusted for demographic and clinical covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The median baseline 25(OH)D level was 19.3\u202fng\/mL. Compared with patients with 25(OH)D levels &amp;lt;15\u202fng\/mL, those with levels of 15\u201325\u202fng\/mL and &amp;gt;25\u202fng\/mL exhibited greater reductions in HbA1c [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.083, 95% CI (\u22120.154 to \u22120.013),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.020; and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.096, 95% CI (\u22120.173 to \u22120.017),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.016, respectively] and BMI [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22121.02, 95% CI (\u22121.46 to \u22120.58); and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22121.29, 95% CI (\u22121.77 to \u22120.80); both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001]. No association was found with lipid profile.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher baseline 25(OH)D levels are independently associated with improved glycemic and weight loss responses to semaglutide in individuals with T2D. Prospective trials are warranted to explore whether vitamin D supplementation may potentiate semaglutide\u2019s metabolic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1833045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:50:48Z","timestamp":1777297848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baseline vitamin D status is associated with glycemic and weight loss outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with semaglutide"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ariel","family":"Israel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmud","family":"Moed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Abo Fanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aviv","family":"Kedem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Odeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center","place":["Hadera, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kareem Abu","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Haemek Medical Center","place":["Afula, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayser","family":"Marzook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isis","family":"Abumouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Institute, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center","place":["Hadera, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rami Abu","family":"Fanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]},{"name":"Heart Institute, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center","place":["Hadera, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/8755122518790925","article-title":"Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Miles","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharm Technol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01499-w","article-title":"A pharmacological and clinical overview of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"81","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of diabetes (EASD)","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01201-z","article-title":"Meeting the challenge of virtual diabetes care: a consensus viewpoint on the positioning and value of oral semaglutide in routine clinical practice","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-022-01265-5","article-title":"Oral semaglutide: dosage in special situations","volume":"13","author":"Kalra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12490","article-title":"Incretin-based drugs for type 2 diabetes: focus on east Asian perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Seino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0602-9","article-title":"\u0392 cell dysfunction versus insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in east Asians","volume":"15","author":"Yabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0262","article-title":"Glucose and GTP-binding protein-coupled receptor cooperatively regulate transient receptor potential-channels to stimulate insulin secretion","volume":"63","author":"Kakei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1868","article-title":"Involvement of cAMP\/EPAC\/TRPM2 activation in glucose- and incretin-induced insulin secretion","volume":"63","author":"Yosida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13773","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes by baseline age and body mass index","volume":"13","author":"Yabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12293","article-title":"Differences in the HbA1c-lowering efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues between Asians and non-Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0070","article-title":"Asian subpopulations may exhibit greater cardiovascular benefit from long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"43","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1322","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates expression of chemokines and cytokines in pancreatic islets: implications for prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"146","author":"Gysemans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0156","article-title":"Effects of 6-month vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and secretion: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"181","author":"Lemieux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070368","article-title":"Is vitamin D supplementation useful for weight loss programs? 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A window on a potential role for the interaction between bone and glucose metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Garbossa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.07.032.","article-title":"Effects of a 1-year supplementation with cholecalciferol on interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects","volume":"60","author":"Beilfuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01931-z","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020172","article-title":"Vitamin D and its role in the lipid metabolism and the development of 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Biol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113352","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile in adults with the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"AlAnouti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"751","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency in a sunny environment: a demographic and seasonal analysis","volume":"12","author":"Oren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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