{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:47:05Z","timestamp":1789696025483,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009123","name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin A is vital for maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, with both excess and deficiency linked to adverse outcomes. This study examined maternal vitamin A by serum retinol levels in the second and third trimesters and their association with birthweight in a high-income setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is a\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis of a merged dataset from 723 women with low-risk pregnancies in Norway. Clinical data and blood samples were collected in the second (week 18\u201322) and third trimester (week 32\u201336). Serum retinol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and offspring\u2019s birthweight was collected from medical records. Regression analyses were performed to examine associations between retinol levels and offspring\u2019s birth weight.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None of the women had vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol \u2264 0.7\u202f\u03bcmol\/L) in the second trimester compared to 1.9% in the third trimester. Vitamin A insufficiency (retinol &amp;gt; 0.7\u2013\u2264 1.0\u202f\u03bcmol\/L) was present in 8.6 and 43% of the women in the second and third trimesters, respectively. Overall, 17.3% of the offspring had a birthweight \u2265 4,000\u202fg and were classified as having macrosomia. Mothers of macrosomic offsprings had lower serum retinol levels in the third trimester and lower average levels across both trimesters compared to mothers of offspring adequate for gestational age. A 0.2\u202f\u03bcmol\/L decrease in maternal serum retinol, measured in the second, third, as an average of both trimesters and as the delta change between trimesters, was associated with an increase in birth weight ranging from 31 to 68 grams.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vitamin A insufficiency was prevalent during the third trimester of pregnancy in a high-income setting. Maternal retinol levels were inversely associated with the offsprings\u2019 birth weight and suggest that low maternal vitamin A levels may be associated with an increased risk of obesity in offspring. Considering the limitation of this study\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      design, these findings should be interpreted cautiously.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:uri>http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:uri>\n                      , Identifier, NCT00476567.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1835994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:13:32Z","timestamp":1780935212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal vitamin A levels during second and third trimester and associations with offspring\u2019s birth weight: a longitudinal cohort post-hoc study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ilze","family":"Dirnena-Fusini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe Nilssen","family":"Stafne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]},{"name":"Clinic of Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Katarina","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]},{"name":"Regional Advice Office ALIS and SamLIS Midt, Trondheim Municipality","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats Peder","family":"Mosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Clinic of Substance Use and Addiction Medicine, St. Olav\u2019s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Abu Jafar","family":"Sujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unni","family":"Syversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid Kamilla","family":"Stunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]},{"name":"Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt)","place":["Trondheim, 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