{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:56:45Z","timestamp":1793213805867,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet is associated with reduced dementia risk, but its role in moderating pathology\u2013cognition relationships in high-risk populations remains unclear. This study examined associations of the MIND diet and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) with cognition and tested whether diet quality modifies the impact of brain pathology on cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-six older adults (aged 60\u201382 years; mean education of 12 years, 65% Black, 73% female) completed MRI and the VioScreen food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariable linear regression models examined associations between diet scores (MIND, HEI-2020) and cognitive outcomes (cognition composite, memory, executive function), adjusting for age, sex, and education level. Interaction analyses cross-sectionally tested whether diet moderated relationships between structural brain pathology\u2013white matter hyperintensity (WMH), hippocampal, and cortical volumes\u2013and cognition, followed by\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      simple slopes analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher MIND diet scores were independently associated with better memory performance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). These were significant interactions between WMH volume and MIND diet score across cognitive outcomes (all p-interactions &amp;lt; 0.05). Greater WMH volume was associated with worse cognitive performance at low (all p &amp;lt; 0.01), but not mean or high MIND diet scores (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). Similarly, cortical volume\u2013cognition associations were present in those with low MIND diet scores and attenuated in those with mean or high scores. In contrast, the HEI-2020 score did not modify the effects of brain pathology on cognition, and neither diet quality measure modified hippocampal volume\u2013cognition relationships.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MIND diet may buffer the cognitive consequences of cerebrovascular pathology and cortical atrophy in older adults at elevated dementia risk and promote cognitive resilience over general healthy eating guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1837406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:48:41Z","timestamp":1778647721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["MIND diet moderates the associations between cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease burden and cognition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Desarae A.","family":"Dempsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick W.","family":"Unverzagt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Center for Aging Research at Regenstrief Institute","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndsi","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Avena-Koenigsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny J.","family":"Chumin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karmen K.","family":"Yoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Rush University Medical Center","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy C.","family":"Tangney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Center for Aging Research at Regenstrief Institute","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Saykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Risacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]},{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]},{"name":"Wake Forest Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70235","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70235","article-title":"2025 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures.","volume":"21","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002923","article-title":"A\/T\/N: an unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers.","volume":"87","author":"Jack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup.","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210131","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000213478","article-title":"Magnitude and time-course of dementia risk in stroke survivors: a population-wide matched cohort study.","volume":"104","author":"Joundi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3061","article-title":"Stroke and dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Ku\u017ama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.116.014094","article-title":"Prestroke vascular pathology and the risk of recurrent stroke and poststroke dementia.","volume":"47","author":"Portegies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/str.0b013e3182299496","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association.","volume":"42","author":"Gorelick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(19)30079-1","article-title":"Small vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications.","volume":"18","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration.","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8506","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103154","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities associated with progression of cerebral small vessel disease: a 7-year Chinese urban community study.","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13057","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: beyond vascular contribution.","volume":"19","author":"Garnier-Crussard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.12.023","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment, clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and dementia in older persons.","volume":"1862","author":"Kapasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1717-7","article-title":"Impact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia.","volume":"134","author":"Kapasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24","article-title":"Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons.","volume":"69","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1212\/con.0000000000001509","article-title":"Neuroimaging in dementia.","volume":"30","author":"Risacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21009","article-title":"Cognitive impact of subcortical vascular and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology.","volume":"60","author":"Chui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.57.12.2229","article-title":"MRI predictors of cognition in subcortical ischemic vascular disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"57","author":"Mungas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq154","article-title":"Measuring cognitive reserve based on the decomposition of episodic memory variance.","volume":"133","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000005303","article-title":"Resistance vs resilience to Alzheimer disease: clarifying terminology for preclinical studies.","volume":"90","author":"Arenaza-Urquijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept.","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve.","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.219","article-title":"Whitepaper: defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance.","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(06)70417-3","article-title":"The effect of social networks on the relation between Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and level of cognitive function in old people: a longitudinal cohort study.","volume":"5","author":"Bennett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf318","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf318","article-title":"Cognitive and physical activities are associated with cognitive resilience in a memory clinic cohort.","volume":"7","author":"Bocancea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-191114","article-title":"Late-life physical and cognitive activities independently contribute to brain and cognitive resilience.","volume":"74","author":"Casaletto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7686","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14236","article-title":"Factors associated with cognitive reserve according to education level.","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e31829c5e8a","article-title":"Life-span cognitive activity, neuropathologic burden, and cognitive aging.","volume":"81","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626769","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.626769","article-title":"The contribution of physical exercise to brain resilience.","volume":"14","author":"Arida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e811","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000006954","article-title":"Physical activity, common brain pathologies, and cognition in community-dwelling older adults.","volume":"92","author":"Buchman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.107599","article-title":"Associations between healthy and plant-based dietary patterns and cognitive reserve: a cross-sectional analysis of the 1946 British Birth Cohort.","volume":"9","author":"Cara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-210107","article-title":"MIND diet, common brain pathologies, and cognition in community-dwelling older adults.","volume":"83","author":"Dhana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12982","article-title":"The association of MIND diet with cognitive resilience to neuropathologies.","volume":"19","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2100708","article-title":"Donanemab in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"384","author":"Mintun","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100150","article-title":"Donanemab: appropriate use recommendations.","volume":"12","author":"Rabinovici","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13239","article-title":"Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: the trailblazer-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial.","volume":"330","author":"Sims","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2212948","article-title":"Lecanemab in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"388","author":"Van Dyck","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission.","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.04.011","article-title":"MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging.","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.0800","article-title":"Association of the mediterranean dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) diet with the risk of dementia.","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17055-5","article-title":"The long-term neuroprotective effect of MIND and Mediterranean diet on patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.009","article-title":"MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02276-1","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and dementia: MRI marker evidence from meta-analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.06.014","article-title":"Dietary patterns and stroke: a systematic review and re-meta-analysis.","volume":"79","author":"Kontogianni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.114.006306","article-title":"Diet and stroke: recent evidence supporting a mediterranean-style diet and food in the primary prevention of stroke.","volume":"46","author":"Lakkur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e086473","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.086473","article-title":"Higher MIND diet scores are associated with larger brain MRI hippocampal volume: the cross-cohort collaboration.","volume":"20","author":"Melo Van Lent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2526089","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.26089","article-title":"MIND diet and hippocampal sclerosis among community-based older adults.","volume":"8","author":"Agarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2259","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000207176","article-title":"Association of Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay and Mediterranean diets with Alzheimer disease pathology.","volume":"100","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.05.015","article-title":"Healthy eating index-2020: review and update process to reflect the dietary guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025.","volume":"123","author":"Shams-White","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.105814","article-title":"MIND food and speed of processing training in older adults with low education, the MINDSpeed Alzheimer\u2019s disease prevention pilot trial.","volume":"84","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70232","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70232","article-title":"Feasibility of lifestyle interventions for cognition in adults with low education.","volume":"21","author":"Clark","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report.","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp1802313","article-title":"Making neighborhood-disadvantage metrics accessible - the Neighborhood Atlas.","volume":"378","author":"Kind","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health\u2019s Neighborhood Atlas Website.","year":"2025"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2275(20)43176-1","article-title":"Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI.","volume":"31","author":"Hixson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.032","article-title":"An automated tool for detection of FLAIR-hyperintense white-matter lesions in Multiple Sclerosis.","volume":"59","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a3590","article-title":"Automated white matter total lesion volume segmentation in diabetes.","volume":"34","author":"Maldjian","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction.","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer.","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797","article-title":"Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images.","volume":"97","author":"Fischl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00569-x","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain.","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest.","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.037","article-title":"Correction for intracranial volume in analysis of whole brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: the proportion vs. residual method.","volume":"22","author":"Sanfilipo","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00264","article-title":"The effects of intracranial volume adjustment approaches on multiple regional MRI volumes in healthy aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"6","author":"Voevodskaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26633","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26633","article-title":"Comparison of approaches to control for intracranial volume in research on the association of brain volumes with cognitive outcomes.","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.11.017","article-title":"Evaluation of web-based, self-administered, graphical food frequency questionnaire.","volume":"114","author":"Kristal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet."},{"key":"B66","volume-title":"VioScreen.","year":"2025"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.05.021","article-title":"Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015.","volume":"118","author":"Krebs-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70766","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70766","article-title":"Validation of a MIND diet screener in older adults.","volume":"21","author":"Dempsey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B69","volume-title":"RBANS Update: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.","author":"Randolph","year":"2012"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B71","volume-title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination.","author":"Benton","year":"1989"},{"key":"B72","volume-title":"WAIS-IV Administration and Scoring Manual.","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"B73","volume-title":"The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation.","author":"Reitan","year":"1985"},{"key":"B74","volume-title":"Stroop Color and Word Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses.","author":"Golden","year":"1978"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2013.04.120300","article-title":"Use of days of the week in a modified mini-mental state exam (M-MMSE) for detecting geriatric cognitive impairment.","volume":"26","author":"Hamrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation.","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Anal."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01049-w","article-title":"Issues and recommendations for the residual approach to quantifying cognitive resilience and reserve.","volume":"14","author":"Elman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834765","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.834765","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and related constructs: a unified framework across cognitive and brain dimensions of aging.","volume":"14","author":"Kremen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions.","author":"Aiken","year":"1991"},{"key":"B80","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach.","author":"Hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986031004437","article-title":"Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis.","volume":"31","author":"Preacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Educ Behav Stat."},{"key":"B82","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185x.2007.00027.x","article-title":"Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists.","volume":"82","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508148","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1508148","article-title":"Healthy dietary intake diminishes the effect of cerebral small vessel disease on cognitive performance in older adults.","volume":"16","author":"Bauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100440","article-title":"Associations between diet and cognitive function in stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Amanat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2019.28","article-title":"Mediterranean-dash intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) diet slows cognitive decline after stroke.","volume":"6","author":"Cherian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108108","article-title":"Nutrition effects on brain outcomes and recovery in stroke after hospitalization (NOURISH): randomized controlled trial protocol and rationale.","volume":"158","author":"Cherian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.12923","article-title":"Structured vs self-guided multidomain lifestyle interventions for global cognitive function: the US POINTER randomized clinical trial.","volume":"334","author":"Baker","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B89","volume-title":"Cognition Bump from Better Lifestyle: Due to Healthy Heart, Sound Sleep?.","year":"2025"},{"key":"B90","volume-title":"The U.S. POINTER Structured Healthy Lifestyle Program \u2014 Previously Shown to Improve Cognition \u2014 May Also Improve Sleep Apnea, Blood Pressure Regulation, and Cognitive Resilience.","year":"2025"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20047-4","article-title":"Diet moderates the effect of resting state functional connectivity on cognitive function.","volume":"12","author":"Gaynor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043423","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1043423","article-title":"Longitudinal association between changes in resting-state network connectivity and cognition trajectories: the moderation role of a healthy diet.","volume":"16","author":"Gaynor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.06.013","article-title":"The moderating effect of dietary patterns on the association of depression and anxiety with cognitive function.","volume":"51","author":"Al Shamsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-026-03773-8","article-title":"MIND-NL diet adherence moderates the relation of low-grade systemic inflammation with neuroinflammatory metabolites and cognitive functioning: an exploratory cross-sectional study in older adults.","author":"Remie","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.06.002","article-title":"Education modulates the impact of white matter lesions on the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia.","volume":"22","author":"Mortamais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51120","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and midlife vascular risk: cognitive and clinical outcomes.","volume":"7","author":"Soldan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu393","article-title":"Vascular and amyloid pathologies are independent predictors of cognitive decline in normal elderly.","volume":"138","author":"Vemuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665111003296","article-title":"Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia.","volume":"71","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13047","article-title":"Nutrition and risk of dementia: overview and methodological issues.","volume":"1367","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.038","article-title":"Dietary fat composition and dementia risk.","volume":"35","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.108.533133","article-title":"Inflammation and white matter damage in vascular cognitive impairment.","volume":"40","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020212","article-title":"Antioxidants in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: current therapeutic significance and future prospects.","volume":"11","author":"Pritam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.03.001","article-title":"The influence of dietary factors in central nervous system plasticity and injury recovery.","volume":"3","author":"Gomez-Pinilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM &amp; R"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e213975","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000213975","article-title":"Association of increase in white matter hyperintensity volume with rate of hippocampal atrophy in a population-based study of aging.","volume":"105","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2024.05.014","article-title":"The relationship between cortical thickness and white matter hyperintensities in mid to late life.","volume":"141","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Balado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2302368","article-title":"Trial of the MIND diet for prevention of cognitive decline in older persons.","volume":"389","author":"Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70731","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70731","article-title":"Effect modifiers of the MIND diet for cognition in older adults: the MIND diet trial.","volume":"21","author":"Halloway","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1837406\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:49:06Z","timestamp":1778647746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1837406\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1837406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1837406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"article-number":"1837406"}}