{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:27Z","timestamp":1788452487574,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3E5F1016361 and RS-2023-00248832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3E5F1016361 and RS-2023-00248832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rainbow trout (\n                    <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) eggs are a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with levels exceeding those found in fish meat, and are also a notable source of bioactive omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, despite their nutritional advantages, their\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    immunomodulatory properties remain poorly understood. This study explored the immunomodulatory potential of the lipid extract from\n                    <jats:italic>O. mykiss<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs combined with PEG6000 (OM-PEG) in a cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressive BALB\/c mouse model. Mice were randomly assigned to nine groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3\/group): normal control, CY, CY + ginseng (100 mg\/kg), CY + levamisole (40 mg\/kg), CY + PEG6000 (10 mg\/kg), and four CY + OM-PEG groups (50\u2013200 mg\/kg). In CY-treated mice, prophylactic oral administration of OM-PEG (50-200 mg\/kg body weight) protected against changes in spleen size and index. It also significantly stimulated splenic immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and phagocytic activity were enhanced in peritoneal macrophages (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). The mRNA expression of immunostimulatory cytokines and mediators, including interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and COX-2, was significantly upregulated in both splenic lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages of CY-treated mice (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Consequently, these results suggest that OM-PEG6000, prepared by incorporating lipids isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>O. mykiss<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs into PEG6000, contributes to immune system activation and has potential as a functional food ingredient due to its immune-enhancing efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1842601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:47:54Z","timestamp":1788450474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune effects of lipids isolated from Oncorhynchus mykiss eggs on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"One Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Kangwon National University, Gangneung","place":["Gangwon, Republic of 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Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Gangneung","place":["Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purna Chandra","family":"Mashurabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Coast Life Science Institute, Kangwon National University, Gangneung","place":["Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangneung","place":["Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Kyu","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Science, Kongju National University","place":["Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo 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