{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:55:16Z","timestamp":1781758516277,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food insecurity remains a critical public health and development challenge in Somalia, particularly among rural and nomadic households, who are vulnerable to climate shocks, poor infrastructure, and socioeconomic constraints. Evidence on its scale and determinants is needed to guide targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of food insecurity and associated multidimensional determinants among rural and nomadic households in Somalia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed 9,399 rural and nomadic households from the 2018\/2019 Somalia Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS) using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Multilevel ordinal logistic regression was applied to examine associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 58.86% of households were food secure or mildly food insecure, 9.13% experienced moderate food insecurity, and 32.01% experienced severe food insecurity. Larger household size was associated with higher odds of severe food insecurity (4\u20136 members: AOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.10\u20131.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01; \u22657 members: AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.29\u20131.68,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). Higher education was protective (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.54\u20130.78,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). Lack of livestock (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.21\u20131.56,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01) and lack of electricity (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.20\u20131.86,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01) were associated with increased risk. Wealth showed a strong protective gradient, with progressively lower odds across higher quintiles (highest: AOR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.28\u20130.53,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). Nomadic households had lower odds of severe food insecurity than rural households (AOR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70\u20130.87,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). Significant regional disparities were observed, with higher odds in Central (AOR = 2.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01) and Southern (AOR = 4.80,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01) regions compared to the North.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food insecurity in Somalia is shaped by socioeconomic, livelihood, and geographic factors. Targeted social protection, livelihood strengthening, and improved access to basic services are essential to reduce inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1845277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:34:15Z","timestamp":1781757255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidimensional determinants of food insecurity among households in Somalia: evidence from the 2018\/2019 Somalia health and demographic survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hassan Abdi","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Graduate Studies, Department of Statistics and Data Analytics, Jamhuriya University of Science & Technology","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson 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