{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:59:55Z","timestamp":1790308795879,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Livestock-based livelihoods underpin food security, dietary quality, and resilience in African arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), yet the mechanisms linking livestock systems, food environments, and human nutrition under climate variability remain fragmented. This PRISMA-based systematic review synthesizes evidence on the nutritional ecology of pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on livestock-mediated nutrition pathways shaped by ecological and socioeconomic change. Literature published between 2006 and 2026 was systematically identified from PubMed, Scopus, AJOL, CABI, and Google Scholar, yielding 60 studies for qualitative synthesis. Nutrition outcomes assessed across the reviewed studies included Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), child wasting and stunting, milk intake, micronutrient adequacy, and food security indicators. The evidence shows that livestock support household nutrition through interconnected biological and economic pathways, including direct consumption of animal-source foods, particularly milk, income generation for food purchases, and buffering against seasonal and climate-related shocks. Larger and more diversified herds are generally associated with higher dietary diversity and improved child nutrition, but benefits are strongly mediated by mobility, market access, gendered control of livestock income, and environmental sustainability. Seasonal dynamics drive marked nutritional variation, with wet seasons supporting improved dietary quality and dry seasons linked to heightened food insecurity and child wasting. Constraints on mobility, sedentarization, market disruptions, and environmental degradation further amplify nutrition risks. The evidence base is dominated by cross-sectional study designs, limiting causal inference and constraining understanding of how livestock ownership, environmental conditions, and nutrition outcomes co-evolve across seasons and shocks. The review identifies key evidence gaps, including limited longitudinal studies, underrepresentation of urbanizing pastoralists, and minimal attention to youth nutrition and livelihood transitions. Drawing on a One Health and food-systems framework, addressing these gaps requires integrated nutrition\u2013livestock surveillance and multisectoral policies to advance climate-resilient, nutrition-sensitive livestock development and support progress toward Sustainable Development Goals related to zero hunger, good health and well-being, and climate action in African drylands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1853901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:28:09Z","timestamp":1781584089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Climate variability, pastoral and agro-pastoral livestock systems, and human nutrition in African drylands: a PRISMA-based systematic review of evidence, pathways, and policy implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Omokpariola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Technical, Office Ch\u00e9rifien des Phosphates (OCP) Africa","place":["Abuja, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"The Nature of Nutrition: A Unifying Framework from Animal Adaptation to Human Obesity","author":"Simpson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071715-051118","article-title":"Nutritional ecology and human health","volume":"36","author":"Raubenheimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Addressing Vulnerability and Enhancing Resilience","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"The Status of Women in Agrifood Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2025","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0836-4","volume-title":"Prospects for Livestock-Based Livelihoods in Africa's Drylands","author":"de Haan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"3056","author":"P\u00f6rtner","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.002","article-title":"Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research","volume":"18","author":"Ericksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob Environ Chang"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0467","article-title":"Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries","volume":"85","author":"Randolph","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v43i3","article-title":"The impact of animal source food products on human nutrition and health","volume":"43","author":"Schonfeldt","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203805824","volume-title":"Risk and Social Change in an African Rural Economy: Livelihoods in Pastoral Risk Environments","author":"McPeak","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12581","article-title":"Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review","volume":"20","author":"Thornton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2013-0007","article-title":"Pastoralism: a critical asset for food security under global climate change","volume":"3","author":"Kr\u00e4tli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70030","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.70030","article-title":"PROTOCOL: food environment, food choice, diets, and nutrition outcomes of pastoralists in Africa: scoping review protocol","volume":"21","author":"Omosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2013.08.019","article-title":"Transitions in agro-pastoralist systems of East Africa: impacts on food security and poverty","volume":"179","author":"Rufino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Managing Mobility in African Rangelands. 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