{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:10:41Z","timestamp":1789132241761,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cow\u2019s milk and its derivatives are a food group of recognized nutritional value during childhood and adolescence, and their consumption is endorsed by the main pediatric societies from 1 year of age. However, studies indicate that a significant portion of Brazilian children and adolescents do not meet the consumption recommendations, compromising the intake of essential nutrients. This expert review critically evaluated the scientific evidence on cow\u2019s milk consumption in this age group, in a question-and-answer format, based on a search in the PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and ResearchGate databases, with a final sample of 70 publications. The results indicate that regular consumption of cow\u2019s milk is safe and beneficial for healthy children and adolescents, contributing to physical growth, bone health, favorable body composition, and potential improvement in cognitive performance. Contraindications are restricted to specific conditions, such as cow\u2019s milk protein allergy and lactose intolerance. However, some findings\u2013particularly those related to cognitive performance\u2013remain heterogeneous, highlighting the need for further well-designed studies. It is concluded that, in the absence of these conditions, there is no scientific basis for the exclusion of cow\u2019s milk from the diet of this population group, and its consumption should be and its consumption should be encouraged within the context of a balanced and individualized diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1857069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:55:10Z","timestamp":1789131310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cow\u2019s milk consumption in childhood and adolescence: a Q&amp;A expert review of current evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Nogueira-de-Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar)","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulio","family":"Konstantyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Rodrigues","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Federal University of Bahia (UFB)","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elza Daniel","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Fisberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Nutrition and Feeding Difficulties (CENDA), Pensi Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o Da Crian\u00e7a Do Zero a Cinco Anos: Manual Do Departamento De Nutrologia Pedi\u00e1trica.","author":"Nogueira-de-Almeida","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Manual De Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o: Orienta\u00e7\u00f5es Para Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o Do Lactente Ao Adolescente, Na Escola, Na Gestante, Na Preven\u00e7\u00e3o De Doen\u00e7as E Seguran\u00e7a Alimentar.","year":"2018"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"WHO Guideline for Complementary Feeding of Infants and Young Children 6-23 Months of Age.","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030.","year":"2025"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001454","article-title":"Complementary feeding: a position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition.","volume":"64","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"45","article-title":"Feeding the infant.","volume-title":"Pediatric Nutrition.","author":"Kleinman","year":"2019"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Healthy Beverage Quick Reference Guide.","year":"2024"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13400","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13400","article-title":"Total dairy consumption in relation to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"Babio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2018.1491016","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk consumption and health: a health professional\u2019s guide.","volume":"38","author":"Marangoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy081","article-title":"Effects of milk and milk-product consumption on growth among children and adolescents aged 6-18 years: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162654","article-title":"What determinants are related to milk and dairy product consumption frequency among children aged 10-12 years in Poland? 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