{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:47:13Z","timestamp":1782798433882,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin K and D co-treatment may have additive effects on bone and cardiovascular health and is frequently used as an over-the-counter supplement. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover markers and cardiovascular parameters is modified according to vitamin K status at baseline (i.e., serum levels of vitamin K1, MK4 and MK7).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled vitamin D supplementation (2,800 international units daily for 8\u202fweeks) trial in 200 participants. We measured vitamin K1, MK4 and MK7 by means of the currently available gold standard liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric and analysed cardiovascular and bone markers (including 24-h systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose and lipid parameters as well as osteocalcin, beta-crosslaps, and procollagen type 1\u202fN-terminal propeptide). The main aim was to analyze whether pre-intervention vitamin K status (moderator) influenced the effects of vitamin D supplementation on outcome measures of bone and cardiovascular health after the intervention (moderation analyses). We also investigated whether vitamin D supplementation effects vitamin K status and whether vitamin K measures correlated with the outcome parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderation analyses showed no significant interaction between vitamin K status and the intervention (vitamin D supplementation\/placebo) on cardiovascular or bone parameters. We observed no treatment effect of vitamin D on vitamin K status. In exploratory analyses, parameters of vitamin K status correlated only weakly and inconsistently with some bone and cardiovascular parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data from this post-hoc analysis do not provide evidence for the assumption that vitamin K status modifies or enhances effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular or bone parameters. These findings are in line with current guidelines, which do not routinely recommend vitamin K and D co-treatment in patients with osteoporosis. However, further trials are needed to evaluate the potential benefits of vitamin K supplementation and its combination with vitamin D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1857443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:42:00Z","timestamp":1782798120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin K status has no influence on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover and cardiovascular markers: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Verena","family":"Theiler-Schwetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Riedmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sieglinde","family":"Zelzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Meinitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Arian","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Trummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin R.","family":"Gr\u00fcbler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]},{"name":"University Hospital Wiener Neustadt","place":["Wiener Neustadt, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Keppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENML\u2014Erste N\u00d6 Medizinische Laborbetriebs GmbH","place":["P\u00f6lten, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Zittermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Herz und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW), Ruhr University Bochum","place":["Bad Oeynhausen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Tomaschitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facharzt-Ordination Innere Medizin","place":["Bruck an der Mur, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"M\u00e4rz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYNLAB Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH","place":["Mannheim, Germany"]},{"name":"Medical Clinic III (Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology) University of Heidelberg","place":["Mannheim, Germany"]},{"name":"Medical Clinic (Cardiology), Medical University of Graz","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Pludowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Children's Memorial Health Institute","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00221","article-title":"Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline","volume":"104","author":"Eastell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-025-01588-3","article-title":"The 2024 UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"20","author":"Gregson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Prophylaxe, Diagnostik Und Therapie DerOSTEOPOROSEBei Postmenopausalen Frauen Und Bei M\u00e4nnern Ab Dem 50.LebensjahrLeitlinie Des Dachverbands Der DeutschsprachigenWissenschaftlichen Osteologischen Gesellschaften E.V","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-024-02441-2","article-title":"Osteoporose \u2013 Definition, Risikoerfassung, Diagnose, Pr\u00e4vention und Therapie (Update 2024): Leitlinie der \u00d6sterreichischen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Knochen und Mineralstoffwechsel","volume":"136","author":"Dimai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12624","article-title":"Regulation of bone Remodeling by vitamin K2","volume":"23","author":"Myneni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.3310\/hta13450","article-title":"Vitamin K to prevent fractures in older women: systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Stevenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123625","article-title":"Vitamin K and osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Fusaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.136","article-title":"Determination of vitamin K composition of fermented food","volume":"275","author":"Tarvainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040965","article-title":"MK-7 and its effects on bone quality and strength","volume":"12","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"34","article-title":"Proper calcium use: vitamin K2 as a promoter of bone and cardiovascular health","volume":"14","author":"Maresz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr Med (Encinitas)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2010.562","article-title":"Vitamin K2 stimulates osteoblastogenesis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NF-kappaB activation","volume":"27","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979649","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.979649","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.12.1256","article-title":"Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"166","author":"Cockayne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-022-01342-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vitamin K2 for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at a long-term follow-up: Meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-04949-0","article-title":"Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: an updated systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Mott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-008-0008-8","article-title":"Randomized controlled study on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (OF study): a phase IV clinical study of 15-mg menatetrenone capsules","volume":"27","author":"Inoue","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1201","article-title":"Dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with hip fracture but not with bone mineral density in elderly men and women","volume":"71","author":"Booth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003387","article-title":"Systematic review and statistical analysis of the integrity of 33 randomized controlled trials","volume":"87","author":"Bolland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1127","article-title":"Caution to readers about systematic review on vitamin K and prevention of fractures that included problematic trials","volume":"178","author":"Torgerson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2989-6","article-title":"Does vitamin K2 play a role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis for postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-04853-7","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of menatetrenone in the Management of Osteoporosis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019618","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.019618","article-title":"Fracture risks in patients treated with different oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703116","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1703116","article-title":"The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on bone turnover biochemical markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00006","article-title":"The bone-vasculature axis: calcium supplementation and the role of vitamin K","volume":"6","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938567","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.938567","article-title":"Vitamin K antagonists and cardiovascular calcification: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Kosciuszek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313955","article-title":"Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Lees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115069","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1115069","article-title":"Vitamin K supplementation and vascular calcification: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102909","article-title":"Vitamin K supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: where is the evidence? A systematic review of controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Vlasschaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318808066","article-title":"Vitamin K status and cardiovascular events or mortality: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/386078a0","article-title":"Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein","volume":"386","author":"Luo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV22009","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium in assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and its role in primary prevention","volume":"30","author":"Hisamatsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097","article-title":"Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Charoenngam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091691","article-title":"Vitamin D: an overview of gene regulation, ranging from metabolism to genomic effects","volume":"14","author":"Voltan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.09.048","article-title":"In vitro vitamin K2 and 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 combination enhances osteoblasts anabolism of diabetic mice","volume":"767","author":"Poon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-010-9333-8","article-title":"Vitamin K2 promotes bone healing in a rat femoral osteotomy model with or without glucocorticoid treatment","volume":"86","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15040","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)77221-9","article-title":"Molecular structure, chromosome assignment, and promoter organization of the human matrix Gla protein gene","volume":"265","author":"Cancela","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO03063H","article-title":"The combination effect of vitamin K and vitamin D on human bone quality: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Kuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.116.08869","article-title":"Joint association of low vitamin D and vitamin K status with blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"69","author":"van Ballegooijen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02352-8","article-title":"Combined low vitamin D and K status amplifies mortality risk: a prospective study","volume":"60","author":"van Ballegooijen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-07-0423","article-title":"Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the Vessel Wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study","volume":"91","author":"Braam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27338","article-title":"Vitamin K supplementation and progression of coronary artery calcium in older Men and women","volume":"89","author":"Shea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05319","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Pilz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050432","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover markers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Schwetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht151","article-title":"2013 ESH\/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"34","author":"Mancia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02148","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure measurement: what is the international consensus?","volume":"62","author":"O'Brien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"303","article-title":"Accuracy of the SpaceLabs medical 90217 ambulatory blood pressure monitor","volume":"3","author":"Baumgart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2016.11","article-title":"A comparison study of brachial blood pressure recorded with Spacelabs 90217A and Mobil-O-graph NG devices under static and ambulatory conditions","volume":"30","author":"Sarafidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2022-0192","article-title":"Development of a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the determination of vitamin K1, Menaquinone-4, Menaquinone-7 and vitamin K1-2,3 epoxide in serum of individuals without vitamin K supplements","volume":"60","author":"Meinitzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-1443","article-title":"Vitamin D and vitamin K status in postmenopausal women with Normal and Low bone mineral density","volume":"62","author":"Zelzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00981","article-title":"Accounting for the multiple natures of missing values in label-free quantitative proteomics data sets to compare imputation strategies","volume":"15","author":"Lazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40001","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM40001","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: the \"good\", the \"bad\", and the \"unknown\"","volume":"26","author":"Giamundo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7695","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7695","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS quantitative analysis of phylloquinone, menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 in the human serum of a healthy population","volume":"7","author":"Dunovska","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5120","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.5120","article-title":"Development and validation of a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of vitamin K metabolites in different matrices","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05638-z","article-title":"The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized","volume":"32","author":"Ronn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83\u2013w","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-023-01288-w","article-title":"The additive effect of vitamin K supplementation and bisphosphonate on fracture risk in post-menopausal osteoporosis: a randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054546","article-title":"Vitamin D as a shield against aging","volume":"24","author":"Fantini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-2084-4","article-title":"Vitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of age","volume":"73","author":"Braam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00669-4","article-title":"Effect of low-dose vitamin K2 supplementation on bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a randomized controlled study","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0498","article-title":"Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) prevents age-related deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture at the tibia in postmenopausal women","volume":"175","author":"Ronn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070116","article-title":"Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women","volume":"22","author":"Bolton-Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001935","article-title":"Vitamin D-vitamin K interaction: effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum percentage undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a sensitive measure of vitamin K status, in Danish girls","volume":"104","author":"O'Connor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116387","article-title":"Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women","volume":"91","author":"Szulc","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.15.070195.002151","article-title":"The importance of menaquinones in human nutrition","volume":"15","author":"Suttie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0864","article-title":"Measurement of plasma vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (Menaquinones-4 and -7) using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Riphagen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1857443\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:42:02Z","timestamp":1782798122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1857443\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1857443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1857443","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"1857443"}}