{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:19:46Z","timestamp":1783448386171,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In humans, meals are important non-photic zeitgebers for the circadian timing system, which is also influenced by chronotype. This study assessed whether chronotype is associated with dietary intake (energy; nutrients), meal timing, body composition markers, and metabolic biomarkers in healthy European and Pacific New Zealand (NZ) women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whole-body fat percentage (BF%), android-to-gynoid (AG) fat percentage ratio were assessed in 287 healthy non-pregnant European and Pacific NZ women aged 18\u201345\u202fyears using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and chronotype was assessed utilizing the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). A 5-day estimated food record was used to assess dietary intake. Fasting venous blood samples were collected to evaluate metabolic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The majority of participants (54%) were classified as intermediate chronotypes (IT), 34% as evening types (ET), and 12% as morning types (MT). The ET group had higher BMI, BF%, and AG fat percentage ratio than the morning and intermediate-chronotypes groups (MT-IT): 31.4 vs. 26.1\u202fkg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 36 vs. 34%, and 0.98 vs. 0.87, respectively. Daily energy intake was higher in ET than in MT-IT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.03). MT-IT had higher intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat in the morning than ET (before 10:00); in contrast, ET had higher energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat intakes in the evening after 20:00. The ET in high BF% and high AG ratio groups were more likely to have lower energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes before 10:00 in the morning, as well as higher energy, carbohydrate, and fat intakes after 20:00. The ET group had overall a poorer lipid profile as well as glucose homeostasis than MT-IT (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ET women consumed less energy and less micronutrient-dense food than the MT-IT. The ET had lower dietary intake in the morning but higher intake in the evening, with an inverse pattern observed among MT-IT. Higher energy and macronutrient intake in the evening was significantly associated with a higher BF% and AG ratio in ET, suggesting a potentially greater susceptibility to obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1862060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:10:35Z","timestamp":1783447835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronotype and associations with dietary intake, meal timing, body composition, and metabolic biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carlien","family":"van der Merwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilize","family":"Richter-Cottle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard H.","family":"Breier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Douwes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University","place":["Wellington, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"M\u00fcnch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University","place":["Wellington, New Zealand"]},{"name":"Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel; Research Cluster Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences; Department for Biomedicine, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozanne","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]},{"name":"School of Allied Health, Sport and Social Work, Griffith University","place":["Gold Coast, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402239679","article-title":"Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human Chronotypes","volume":"18","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol 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