{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:46:16Z","timestamp":1787841976549,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood anemia remains a priority public health problem in Peru. Although universal salt iodization is an established strategy to prevent iodine deficiency disorders, evidence on household-level salt iodization and disparities in anemia remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate anemia prevalence and evaluate disparities according to the adequacy of iodine content in household salt among girls and boys aged 6 to 59\u202fmonths in Peru, as well as to explore variation according to area of residence and household wealth level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analytical cross-sectional study using data from the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) 2014\u20132023. We included 110,561 children aged 6 to 59\u202fmonths with valid hemoglobin measurement and a household salt iodine rapid test. Anemia was defined as altitude-adjusted hemoglobin &amp;lt;11.0\u202fg\/dL. The main exposure was inadequate household salt iodization (&amp;lt;15\u202fppm), compared with adequate iodization (\u226515\u202fppm). Weighted prevalences, absolute gaps, and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated using Poisson regression for complex survey design, adjusting for age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average weighted prevalence of anemia was 31.1% (95% CI: 30.7\u201331.6). Anemia was more frequent in households with inadequately iodized salt than in those with adequately iodized salt (35.73% vs. 30.49%). The absolute gap was 5.24 percentage points (95% CI: 3.7\u20136.7), and the crude PR was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.13\u20131.21). After adjustment for age and sex, the association remained (aPR\u202f=\u202f1.16; 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.20). Absolute differences varied by area of residence and wealth quintile; no statistical evidence of additive-scale interaction was observed with extreme poverty or rural residence. Including 2024 as a sensitivity analysis did not materially change the estimate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anemia was more frequent among children living in households with inadequately iodized salt. The findings support an interpretation centered on population disparities and nutritional vulnerability rather than on a direct causal relationship attributable to iodine in household salt.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1865961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:43:43Z","timestamp":1781271823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Childhood anemia and household salt iodization in Peru: population disparities among children aged 6\u201359\u202fmonths"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jhofree Einstein","family":"Brice\u00f1o-Chavez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)","place":["Chachapoyas, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily Mabel","family":"Portal-Valqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)","place":["Chachapoyas, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Mishell","family":"Yoplac-Oyarce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)","place":["Chachapoyas, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Bustamante-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)","place":["Chachapoyas, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhosmer","family":"Ballena-Caicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)","place":["Chachapoyas, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiorella E.","family":"Zuzunaga-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)","place":["Chachapoyas, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Juan","family":"Vera-Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)","place":["Chachapoyas, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e713","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00160-6","article-title":"Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by 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