{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:04:39Z","timestamp":1789452279687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a common metabolic disorder associated with gout, renal dysfunction, and intestinal microenvironment disturbance. Impaired urate excretion is considered a major driver of sustained HUA. However, whether nutritional interventions are associated with renal and intestinal urate-handling-related responses remains unclear. This exploratory study investigated whether oral L-carnitine supplementation reduces serum uric acid levels and is accompanied by renal, intestinal, and microbiota-related changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male C57BL\/6 mice were fed a UA\/PO-supplemented diet for 12\u202fweeks to establish the HUA model. Mice were assigned to a control group, an untreated HUA group, and L-carnitine-treated groups. Serum uric acid and renal-related biochemical indices were measured. Renal and intestinal histology, urate transporter expression, renal signaling pathways, and gut microbiota composition were evaluated to characterize hepatic urate production-related and renal\u2013intestinal urate-handling-related responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral L-carnitine supplementation reduced serum uric acid levels and improved renal-related biochemical indices. It did not significantly affect hepatic XOD or ADA, indicating that the urate-lowering effect was not primarily explained by reduced hepatic urate production. In the kidney, L-carnitine restored OAT1 expression and attenuated NF-\u03baB-related inflammatory signaling. In the intestine, it improved villus structure, increased ZO-1 and Occludin expression, and was associated with increased intestinal ABCG2 expression. Gut microbiota structure was also partially restored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that oral L-carnitine may act as a potential nutritional modulator of urate homeostasis. Its urate-lowering effect was not accompanied by detectable suppression of hepatic urate production, but was associated with renal and intestinal urate-handling-related responses. However, because standardized 24-h urinary and fecal urate excretion measurements and transporter functional assays were not performed, enhanced renal or intestinal urate excretion was not demonstrated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1866695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:35:49Z","timestamp":1789450549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral L-carnitine supplementation lowers serum uric acid and is associated with renal and intestinal urate-handling responses in hyperuricemic mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fengyu","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172968","article-title":"The association of dietary diversity with hyperuricemia among community inhabitants in Shanghai, China: a prospective 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