{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:54:44Z","timestamp":1790747684553,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine the association of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program with working-memory performance in young adults aged 18\u201325 years with overweight or obesity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 120 young adults with overweight or obesity were randomly allocated to an HIIT group (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 48) or a control group (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 72). The HIIT group completed a 12-week structured program, whereas the control group maintained usual daily activities. Working-memory updating was assessed using 1-back and 2-back tasks. Post-test body weight and maximal oxygen consumption (VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max) were analysed using baseline-adjusted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), whereas body mass index (BMI) was analysed using repeated-measures ANCOVA. Reaction-time outcomes were analysed using a 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 mixed repeated-measures ANCOVA, with group as the between-subject factor and time and cognitive load as within-subject factors. Because marked baseline imbalance was observed for accuracy, 1-back and 2-back accuracy were analysed separately using baseline-adjusted post-test ANCOVA. Exploratory partial correlation analyses examined associations between changes in VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max and n-back performance separately within the HIIT and control groups. An additional exploratory linear regression model tested whether the association between VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max improvement and 2-back reaction-time improvement differed between groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Baseline-adjusted ANCOVA showed lower post-test body weight in the HIIT group than in the control group [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,115) = 110.07,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001, \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.256] and higher post-test VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,115) = 300.86,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001, \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.451]. Repeated-measures ANCOVA showed a significant group \u00d7 time interaction for BMI [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,115) = 137.60,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001, \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.545]. For reaction time, the 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 2 mixed repeated-measures ANCOVA showed a significant group \u00d7 time interaction [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,115) = 31.95,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001, partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.217] and a significant group \u00d7 cognitive-load interaction [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,115) = 9.22,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003, partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.074], whereas the group \u00d7 time \u00d7 cognitive-load interaction was not significant [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,115) = 2.15,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.145, partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.018]. After adjustment for baseline accuracy and other measured baseline covariates, no significant post-test group difference was observed in 1-back accuracy [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,114) = 0.91,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.343] or 2-back accuracy [\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,114) = 2.17,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.143]. In exploratory analyses, VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max improvement was associated with 2-back reaction-time improvement in the HIIT group (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.391,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.009) but not in the control group (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.101,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.411). However, the group \u00d7 VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max-improvement interaction did not reach conventional statistical significance (\u03b2 = 388.57, 95% CI: \u22127.68 to 784.82,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.055).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Participation in the 12-week HIIT program was associated with lower adjusted post-test body weight, higher adjusted post-test VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max, a greater reduction in BMI, and more favorable reaction-time performance averaged across n-back loads. No adjusted post-test between-group difference in accuracy was observed. The non-significant group \u00d7 time \u00d7 cognitive-load interaction does not support a cognitive-load-specific effect. Although the VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max\u20132-back reaction-time association was observed in the HIIT group but not in the control group, the non-significant interaction model did not conclusively establish training specificity. Dietary intake, habitual physical activity, sedentary behavior, complete individual-level exercise intensity, and formal assessor blinding were not available; therefore, the observed differences cannot be attributed exclusively to HIIT.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1869229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:56:10Z","timestamp":1790744170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of a 12-week high-intensity interval training program on working memory in young adults with overweight or obesity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Li-Na","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou","place":["Jiangsu, 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