{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T06:29:49Z","timestamp":1782887389542,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 survivors face an elevated risk of long-term cognitive decline, yet potentially modifiable factors that shape post-COVID dementia trajectories remain insufficiently characterized. Low magnesium status has been linked to dementia risk in general populations, but whether low magnesium status is associated with long-term dementia risk among COVID-19 survivors remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This propensity score\u2013matched retrospective cohort study used the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network to examine the association between low serum magnesium ( &amp;lt; 1.7 mg\/dL on two measurements) and incident dementia among hospitalized COVID-19 survivors aged \u2265 55 years (2020\u20132023). A 1-year landmark period was imposed to reinforce temporal separation between exposure and outcome. The primary outcome was overall incident dementia over 5 years. Secondary outcomes included Alzheimer\u2019s disease, vascular dementia, other dementia types, and mild cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After matching, 58,991 patients with low magnesium and 58,991 controls were included. Magnesium deficiency was associated with a higher risk of overall dementia [2.12% vs. 1.77%; hazard ratio (HR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28\u20131.51;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001;\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value 2.13). Among secondary outcomes, low magnesium was associated with higher risks of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (HR 1.34;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), vascular dementia (HR 1.50;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), other dementia types (HR 1.38;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), and mild cognitive impairment (HR 1.27;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The association between magnesium deficiency and overall incident dementia persisted across sensitivity analyses and sex-stratified subgroups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this observational study, low serum magnesium was associated with increased long-term dementia risk among COVID-19 survivors. Because eligibility required repeated magnesium testing and follow-up healthcare visits were marginally more frequent in the low-magnesium group, selection bias and differential dementia detection cannot be excluded. These hypothesis-generating findings warrant prospective validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1871623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:06:28Z","timestamp":1782882388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnesium deficiency and long-term incident dementia among COVID-19 survivors: a propensity score-matched cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"I-Yin","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center","place":["Tainan City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University","place":["Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping-Hsin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University","place":["Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Jung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying","place":["Tainan City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acae042","article-title":"Neurocognitive impairment in long COVID: a systematic review.","volume":"40","author":"Panagea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01741-4","article-title":"Long-term 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