{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:13:52Z","timestamp":1783660432247,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute caffeine ingestion is widely used to enhance exercise performance, but most evidence comes from male or mixed-sex cohorts. Whether menstrual-cycle phase or hormonal contraceptive status modifies caffeine's ergogenic effect in women remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six databases were searched for randomized controlled trials examining acute caffeine ingestion and objective exercise performance outcomes in women. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using a modified PEDro scale and RoB 2. Three-level meta-analyses accounted for dependent effect sizes within studies. The primary moderator was reproductive-hormonal status, classified as early follicular, late follicular\/peri-ovulatory, luteal\/mid-luteal, or hormonal contraceptive\/oral contraceptive use. Exploratory analyses examined dose, exercise type, phase verification, timing, and habitual caffeine intake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty studies contributed 144 primary effect sizes. Acute caffeine ingestion improved exercise performance in women overall (Hedges' g = 0.37, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.50), with moderate heterogeneity and a prediction interval crossing the null. Positive estimates were observed across all reproductive-hormonal strata, but there was no clear evidence of between-stratum moderation. The overall effect was robust to outlier exclusion and alternative correlation assumptions. Exploratory analyses suggested that exercise-task phenotype and phase-verification method may partly explain variability in observed effects, whereas dose, timing, and habitual caffeine intake did not support phase-specific prescriptions. Risk-of-bias concerns, sparse subgroup data, and low-to-very-low GRADE certainty limited individualized inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute caffeine ingestion produces a small average ergogenic effect in women, but exploratory findings suggest that its expression may vary by exercise task within different reproductive-hormonal contexts. Current evidence therefore supports a context-sensitive interpretation rather than rigid menstrual-phase- or contraceptive-specific prescriptions. However, given the low-to-very-low certainty of evidence, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and considered hypothesis-generating. Inconsistent phase verification remains a key methodological limitation that may obscure biologically meaningful patterns. Future female-specific trials should combine rigorous hormonal verification, detailed contraceptive profiling, prespecified exercise phenotypes, and mechanistic assessment to refine individualized caffeine guidance..<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      OSF\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/osf.io\/5y69g\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier 5y69g.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1876198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:25:39Z","timestamp":1783657539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute caffeine ingestion and exercise performance in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of menstrual-cycle phase and hormonal contraceptive status"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Huaqiao University","place":["Quanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Huaqiao University","place":["Quanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts and Sciences, Fujian Fuyao University of Science and Technology","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengzhi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1394371","article-title":"Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Grgic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102313","article-title":"Effect of caffeine supplementation on sports performance based on differences between sexes: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Mielgo-Ayuso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071600","article-title":"More research is necessary to establish the ergogenic effect of caffeine in female athletes","volume":"11","author":"Salinero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01435-8","article-title":"Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: a working guide for standards of practice for research on women","volume":"51","author":"Elliott-Sale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01319-3","article-title":"The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"McNulty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01317-5","article-title":"The effects of oral contraceptives on exercise performance in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Elliott-Sale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"603","article-title":"Impaired elimination of caffeine by oral contraceptive steroids","volume":"95","author":"Patwardhan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050654","article-title":"The effect of the menstrual cycle on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in normal, healthy eumenorrheic females","volume":"55","author":"Kamimori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP38235","article-title":"Variation of CYP1A2-dependent caffeine metabolism during menstrual cycle in healthy women","volume":"38","author":"Zaigler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103663","article-title":"Does acute caffeine supplementation improve physical performance in female team-sport athletes? Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Gomez-Bruton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5773","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115773","article-title":"Ergogenic effects of acute caffeine intake on muscular endurance and muscular strength in women: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Grgic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/27697061.2023.2212740","article-title":"Moderators of caffeine's effects on jumping performance in females: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Grgic","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Nutr Assoc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0157-4","article-title":"The influence of caffeine ingestion on strength and power performance in female team-sport players","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14175","article-title":"Acute caffeine intake increases performance in the 15-s Wingate test during the menstrual cycle","volume":"86","author":"Lara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brit J Clinical Pharma."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02100-7","article-title":"Ergogenic effects of caffeine on peak aerobic cycling power during the menstrual cycle","volume":"59","author":"Lara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112662","article-title":"The effect of caffeine on the velocity of half-squat exercise during the menstrual cycle: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Romero-Moraleda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2022.2094560","article-title":"Caffeine reverts loss of muscular performance during the early-follicular phase in resistance-trained naturally menstruating women","volume":"40","author":"Santana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060241307981","article-title":"Effect of caffeine supplementation on physical performance in a 5 km cycling time trial of healthy young adult women in different phases of the menstrual cycle: a parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Mendes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.12.035","article-title":"Meta-analysis of direct surgical versus endovascular revascularization for aortoiliac occlusive disease","volume":"72","author":"Premaratne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for glass's estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Educ Behav"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.105","article-title":"Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch23","article-title":"Including variants on randomized trials","author":"Higgins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch14","article-title":"Completing \u2018Summary of findings' tables and grading the certainty of the evidence","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2009"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in r with the meta for package","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Soft."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0261-6","article-title":"Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes","volume":"45","author":"Van Den Noortgate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.12.3.p154","article-title":"Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: a step-by-step tutorial","volume":"12","author":"Assink","year":"2016","journal-title":"TQMP."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2008.00552.x","article-title":"A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis","volume":"172","author":"Higgins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010247","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","article-title":"Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"IntHout","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.17.1.p024","article-title":"Calculating statistical power for meta-analysis using metapower","volume":"17","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"TQMP."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25152459221147260","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459221147260","article-title":"A guide for calculating study-level statistical power for meta-analyses","volume":"6","author":"Quintana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002073","article-title":"Methodological Recommendations for menstrual cycle research in sports and exercise","volume":"51","author":"Janse De Jonge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00383-4","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance","volume":"18","author":"Guest","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638903","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2026.2638903","article-title":"Revisiting the evidence on caffeine mouth rinse: effects on exercise and cognitive performance: a meta-analytic review","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010","article-title":"Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry","volume":"61","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d4002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B42","author":"Cook","year":"1995","journal-title":"Residuals and Influence in Regression"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","article-title":"Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synth Method."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2038274","article-title":"Caffeine ingestion attenuates diurnal variation of lower-body ballistic performance in resistance-trained women","volume":"23","author":"Robles-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103342","article-title":"The dose-effects of caffeine on lower body maximal strength, muscular endurance, and rating of perceived exertion in strength-trained females","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2165\/11317770-000000000-00000","article-title":"Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action","volume":"39","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.x","article-title":"Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Doherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001","article-title":"A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance","volume":"71","author":"McLellan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0257-8","article-title":"Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine","volume":"44","author":"Spriet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2165\/11317090-000000000-00000","article-title":"The effect of the menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic women","volume":"40","author":"Oosthuyse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00544361","article-title":"Impairment of caffeine clearance by chronic use of low-dose oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives","volume":"28","author":"Abernethy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752826","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.752826","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of caffeine: a systematic analysis of reported data for application in metabolic phenotyping and liver function testing","volume":"12","author":"Grzegorzewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.08.013","article-title":"Three-step method for menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle verification","volume":"20","author":"Schaumberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099027","article-title":"IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete","volume":"52","author":"Maughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0980-7","article-title":"What should we do about habitual caffeine use in athletes?","volume":"49","author":"Pickering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2024.191.16","article-title":"Effects of acute caffeine intake on sex hormones response and repetitions to failure in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase","volume":"19","author":"Abumoh'd","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1550048","article-title":"Effects of gender difference and caffeine supplementation on anaerobic muscle performance","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112575","article-title":"Coffee ingestion improves 5 km cycling performance in men and women by a similar magnitude","volume":"11","author":"Clarke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010002","article-title":"Effects of different doses of caffeinated coffee on muscular endurance, cognitive performance, and cardiac autonomic modulation in caffeine-naive female athletes","volume":"13","author":"Karayigit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02510-6","article-title":"Similar ergogenic effect of caffeine on anaerobic performance in men and women athletes","volume":"60","author":"Lara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13776","article-title":"Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase","volume":"30","author":"Norum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030571","article-title":"Acute effects of low-dose caffeine ingestion combined with conditioning activity on psychological and physical performances of male and female taekwondo athletes","volume":"14","author":"Ouergui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40365-5","article-title":"Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on taekwondo performance: the influence of competition level and sex","volume":"13","author":"Ouergui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.55860\/hen97504","article-title":"Ergogenic response to caffeine in resistance performance, perceived pain, and female sex hormones following muscular endurance in strength-trained eumenorrheic females during early follicular phase","volume":"19","author":"Shlool","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001885","article-title":"Women experience the same ergogenic response to caffeine as men","volume":"51","author":"Skinner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0671","article-title":"Acute caffeine supplementation promotes small to moderate improvements in performance tests indicative of in-game success in professional female basketball players","volume":"44","author":"Stojanovi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0206","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on endurance capacity and psychological state in young females and males exercising in the heat","volume":"42","author":"Suvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1876198\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:25:41Z","timestamp":1783657541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1876198\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1876198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1876198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"article-number":"1876198"}}