{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:46:54Z","timestamp":1782798414547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unhealthy dietary patterns are recognized risk factors for obesity by promoting chronic low-grade inflammation. This meta-analysis aimed to examine whether higher DII scores are associated with overweight\/obesity in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched up to April 16, 2025. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled for the highest versus lowest DII.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 22 studies were included, comprising 19 cross-sectional studies and three prospective cohort studies. Meta-analysis of the cross-sectional studies indicated a small but significant positive association between DII and BMI (Cohen\u2019s d\u202f=\u202f0.17; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.25), with significant heterogeneity (Q test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f85.7%). After excluding one study identified by leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, the pooled effect size increased slightly and heterogeneity significantly decreased (Cohen\u2019s d\u202f=\u202f0.20; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.23; Q test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.032;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f42.0%). Meta-regression analysis indicated that publication year and WHO regions partially explained heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.016;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.004), whereas subgroup analyses revealed only publication year as statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.040). Cohort studies generally suggested a positive association between DII and BMI (RR\u202f=\u202f1.59, 95% CI: 0.72, 3.50;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.41, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.61; HR\u202f=\u202f1.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.60).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher DII is associated with overweight\/obesity. Further studies are needed to clarify the temporal relationship and underlying biological mechanisms linking dietary inflammatory potential with overweight\/obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251049098<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , Identifier: CRD420251049098.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1881176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:39:52Z","timestamp":1782797992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High dietary inflammatory index is associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruilian","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, VIP Ward, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiping","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, VIP Ward, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, VIP Ward, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 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