{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:58:21Z","timestamp":1782917901028,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007819","name":"Shanxi Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postprandial glycemic excursions represent a critical determinant of metabolic health in individuals with overweight or obesity. Previous studies have demonstrated that moderate-to-vigorous exercise lasting at least 5\u202fmin, initiated 30\u202fmin after breakfast, significantly attenuates postprandial glycemic responses and reduces peak glucose levels. However, whether this effect remains consistent across various grain powder based meals is still unclear. This study therefore examined the exercise diet interaction to determine whether 5\u202fmin of moderate-to-vigorous exercise performed 30\u202fmin after breakfast could elicit a distinct glucose lowering effect depending on the dietary composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study adopted a within subject, fixed sequence, repeated measures intervention design. A total of 43 adults with overweight or obesity were enrolled and completed a 15\u202fday dietary and exercise intervention trial. Throughout the experimental period, participants consumed a test breakfast daily consisting of a designated grain powder served with one boiled egg; meanwhile, their remaining dietary intake was not controlled, and they were instructed to maintain their habitual lifestyles. The five grain powders\u2014tartary buckwheat flour, millet flour, oat flour, yam flour and soy milk powder were commercially available products (Joyoung brand) procured by the research team. On the third day of each 3\u202fday breakfast intervention phase, participants performed 5\u202fmin of moderate-to-vigorous exercise 30\u202fmin after breakfast consumption. The exercise routine comprised jumping jacks, lateral squats, shadow punches, under leg claps, and lateral shuffles. Each movement was executed for four 8 count phrases synchronized with Tabata style music. Demonstration videos of the exercise routine were recorded by the research staff, who also provided instruction and supervised the exercise sessions. Statistical analyses, including non-parametric tests and generalized estimating equations generalized estimating equations (GEE), were performed using SPSS software, and data visualization was conducted using GraphPad Prism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study analyzed the main effects of grain powder type and exercise, as well as their interaction, on 2-h postprandial glycemic (2-h PBG) responses using a GEE model. Model effect tests indicated that the type of grain powder significantly influenced postprandial glycemic parameters, including the incremental area under the curve (iAUC; Wald \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f64.997,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), peak glucose increment (Wald \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f45.989,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), and glycemic variability (GV) (Wald \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f86.352,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Neither the main effect of exercise nor the powder\u2013exercise interaction was statistically significant (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05). Soy milk powder elicited the lowest iAUC (51.494\u202f\u00b1\u202f6.335, 95% CI: 39.078\u201363.911), which was significantly lower than those following the consumption of oat powder (107.421\u202f\u00b1\u202f10.591, 95% CI: 86.662\u2013128.179), millet powder (95.319\u202f\u00b1\u202f10.078, 95% CI: 75.567\u2013115.071), and tartary buckwheat powder (93.542\u202f\u00b1\u202f8.031, 95% CI: 77.801\u2013109.283; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). Additionally, soy milk powder resulted in the lowest peak glucose increment (1.194\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.101, 95% CI: 0.997\u20131.391) and GV (0.068\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.004, 95% CI: 0.060\u20130.076). By contrast, yam powder yielded a significantly lower overall glucose area under the curve (AUC; 746.773\u202f\u00b1\u202f13.669, 95% CI: 719.982\u2013773.563) compared with tartary buckwheat powder, millet powder, and oat powders (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the present study context, the type of grain powder was identified as the primary factor influencing postprandial glycemia in adults with overweight or obesity, whereas neither the short bout of moderate-to-vigorous exercise nor the exercise\u2013powder interaction achieved statistical significance. Soy milk powder elicited the lowest iAUC, peak glucose increment, and GV, a favorable glycemic profile largely attributable to its low carbohydrate and high protein composition. These findings suggest that incorporating high protein, low glycemic index options such as soy milk powder into breakfast may favorably modulate acute postprandial glycemic responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1886129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:42:04Z","timestamp":1782916924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A study on the effects of a whole grain diet combined with short duration exercise on postprandial glucose levels in overweight and obese adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yinfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiwu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruirui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","article-title":"Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"403","author":"Phelps","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Inside Front Cover","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-9577.2020.12.001","article-title":"Release of the report on Chinese residents' nutrition and chronic disease status (2020)","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Food Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn311282-20250526-00280","article-title":"Chinese adult weight management guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.7.1599","article-title":"Obesity, inactivity, and the prevalence of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular comorbidities in the U.S., 2000-2002","volume":"28","author":"Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. 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