{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:03:09Z","timestamp":1785301389933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Against the backdrop of the deep integration of digital technology and agriculture and the coordinated advancement of the national food security strategy, the effectiveness of digital technology in enhancing food security increasingly hinges on the interaction and coordination among local governments, digital agriculture service providers, and grain producers. This paper constructs a three-party evolutionary game model that incorporates key variables, including the digital empowerment coefficient, the technology accessibility coefficient, differentiated subsidy parameters, and central government incentives. It systematically analyzes the evolutionary trajectories of the three parties' strategies and the conditions for steady-state transitions under various parameter combinations. Furthermore, it conducts numerical simulations using benchmark parameters calibrated through multi-source data fusion. The research reveals four typical evolutionary scenarios. First, when the technology is effective and the service is profitable, the system converges toward an ideal steady state of tripartite collaboration. Second, when the technology is effective but the service is less profitable, the steady state hinges on whether subsidies can offset cost disadvantages and on the strength of government incentives. Third, when there is sufficient momentum on the service side, but the technology lacks appeal, the core bottleneck lies in stimulating key stakeholders' willingness to adopt it. Finally, when both technological effectiveness and market profitability are weak, the system risks becoming locked into a low-level equilibrium. Benchmark parameter calculations indicate that China's major grain-producing regions currently exhibit the characteristic of being \u201ctechnologically effective but with weak profitability among service providers,\u201d and that the system possesses an intrinsic drive to converge toward an ideal steady state. Sensitivity analysis reveals four key levers driving the system's evolution: the digital empowerment coefficient, the intensity of subsidies targeting primary actors (grain producers), service providers' operating costs, and the scale of central government incentives. Therefore, policy design should shift from a single-instrument reliance to a differentiated and coordinated approach, tailoring implementation strategies to the specific stage of regional development. A portfolio of policy instruments, centered on these key parameters, should be developed to integrate demand-side incentives, supply-side support, and government performance assessments. Furthermore, facilitating the cross-regional transfer of theoretical models and policy experience can provide a sustainable driver for leveraging digital technologies to enhance food security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1887202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:41:40Z","timestamp":1785300100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital empowerment, subsidy coordination, and food security: a tripartite evolutionary game with simulation analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Industry Polytechnic University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Administration, Chongqing Technology and Business University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Audio-Visual Media, Chongqing University Press","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Industry Polytechnic University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deliang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Industry Polytechnic University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Industry Polytechnic University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5325","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065325","article-title":"The role of digital agriculture in mitigating climate change and ensuring food security: an overview","volume":"15","author":"Balasundram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621851","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1621851","article-title":"Digital agriculture technology adoption in low and middle-income countries\u2014a review of contemporary literature","volume":"9","author":"Manzoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/192933","article-title":"Environmental regulation, spatial spillovers and high quality economic development \u2013 the moderating effect of green technology innovation","volume":"34","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pol J Environ Stud."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2023.103142","article-title":"Systemic sustainability effects of contemporary digitalization: a scoping review and research agenda","volume":"149","author":"Matthijs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2018.03.002","article-title":"Does credit reporting lead to a decline in relationship lending? Evidence from information sharing technology","volume":"66","author":"Sutherland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Account Econ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.7671\/j.issn.1672-0202.2024.04.007","article-title":"Mechanisms of digital technology's impact on grain yield from perspective of food security","volume":"23","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J South China Agric Univ Soc Sci Edn."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101286","article-title":"Digitalisation in agriculture: a scoping review of technologies in practice, challenges, and opportunities for smallholder farmers in sub-saharan Africa","author":"Choruma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2024.104136","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric Syst."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398319","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1398319","article-title":"Does government policy matter in the digital transformation of farmers' cooperatives?","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561633","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1561633","article-title":"Farmers' adoption of smart agricultural technologies for black soil conservation and utilization in China: the driving factors and its mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33255-5","article-title":"Responding to climate change: assessing the current situation and influencing factors of forest carbon sinks in China","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1002090","article-title":"The influence mechanism of environmental regulations on food security: the mediating effect of technological innovation","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Sci Eur."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resglo.2025.100298","article-title":"Wine growers' propensity to adopt digital precision farming technologies: integrating risk attitudes to the Technology Acceptance Model","volume":"11","author":"Biondo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Glob."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-024-00497-x","article-title":"Farmers' risk attitude, agricultural technology adoption and impacts in Eastern India","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric Food Secur."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570678","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1570678","article-title":"Government-market synergy in China's agricultural low-carbon transformation: policy adaptation to regional divides","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399718789076","article-title":"Stakeholder theory: a Luhmannian perspective","volume":"51","author":"Valentinov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Admin Soc."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594910","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1594910","article-title":"Analysis of tripartite evolutionary game in the digital transformation of China's rural industries","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-019-01000-2","article-title":"Food security governance promoted by national government at the local level: a case study in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Palmeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2023.2215205","article-title":"Impacts of digital agricultural extension on allocation inefficiency costs: evidence from cotton farmers in China","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2024.100520","article-title":"Impact of digital technology adoption on technological innovation in grain production","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Innov Knowl."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/soru.12297","article-title":"Framing Agri-Digital Governance: Industry Stakeholders, Technological Frames and Smart Farming Implementation","volume":"60","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol Ruralis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2022.103243","article-title":"Predicting climate factors based on big data analytics based agricultural disaster management","author":"Musa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Chem Earth."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2020.101338","article-title":"Can fintech improve the efficiency of commercial banks?","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Int Bus Financ."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-15998-7_5","article-title":"Schumpeter, Joseph Alois, 1939, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, New York and London, McGraw \u2013 Hill Book Company Inc","volume":"8","author":"Croitoru","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Compar Res Anthropol Sociol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1887202\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:41:55Z","timestamp":1785300115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1887202\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1887202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1887202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"article-number":"1887202"}}