{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:05:48Z","timestamp":1789362348397,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited evidence exists on the association between nutritional literacy, glycemic control, and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bahrain. This study assessed nutritional literacy and its association with glycemic control and obesity among adults with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 364 adults with T2DM recruited using consecutive sampling from public primary healthcare centers across Bahrain between July and August 2024. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pilot-tested structured questionnaire administered by trained researchers (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1\u202f=\u202f0.78). Glycemic control (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) were obtained from medical records. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson\u2019s chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher educational attainment was significantly associated with better glycemic control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.015), lower BMI (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.019), and greater nutritional literacy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Participants who used ingredient lists had better glycemic control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.040), whereas exposure to incorrect nutritional information (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003) and difficulty accessing nutritional information (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.011) were associated with poorer glycemic control. Overall, 51.2% of participants were obese, 38.7% had very poor glycemic control (HbA1c\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f8%), and only 5.7% correctly interpreted nutrition facts. These findings suggest that nutrition literacy-related knowledge and behaviors may play an important role in glycemic control and obesity among adults with T2DM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited Nutrition literacy-related behaviors were associated with poorer diabetes-related outcomes. Targeted nutritional education may improve glycemic control and obesity management among adults with T2DM in Bahrain. Future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1889663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:37:59Z","timestamp":1789360679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of nutritional literacy and its association with glycemic control and obesity in type 2 diabetic patients in Bahrain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Almansoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Alansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Almudhahka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Algaoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahiyah","family":"Hesham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaikha","family":"Alshamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Buhazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Alghatam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alya","family":"Alhammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Albuainain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Alshinawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Alnefaiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Almarabheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University","place":["Manama, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kax052","article-title":"Examination of nutrition literacy and quality of self-monitoring in behavioral weight loss","volume":"52","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Behav 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