{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:02:07Z","timestamp":1784523727364,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and vitamin D (VitD) are implicated in the modulation of immune responses and inflammatory processes within the body. The COMED study evaluated levels of DHA, EPA and DPA (expressed as a modified omega-3 index, mO3I, defined as the percentage of these FAs relative to total FAs in whole blood) and VitD in patients with COVID-19 in relation to mortality and severe disease, as well as additional morbidity-related outcomes, including probability of hospitalisation and length of hospital stay (LOS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 160 patients were enrolled, of whom 28 died during follow-up. Associations between mO3I and VitD levels and clinical outcomes were analysed using logistic and linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher mO3I levels (Q4\u202f\u2265\u202f6.39%) were associated with lower odds of death (OR\u202f=\u202f0.24, 95% CI: 0.05\u20130.87) and lower probability of hospitalisation (OR\u202f=\u202f0.28, 95% CI: 0.09\u20130.91) compared with lower mO3I levels (Q1\u2013Q3). Higher VitD levels (Q4\u202f\u2265\u202f71.9\u202fnmol\/L) were associated with a shorter LOS by 2.19\u202fdays compared with Q1\u2013Q3, while higher levels (Q2\u2013Q4\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f36.7\u202fnmol\/L) shortened LOS by 2.96\u202fdays compared with Q1. Age was the strongest predictor of mortality, severe disease, and LOS; BMI increased the probability of severe disease; smoking prolonged LOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher mO3I levels were associated with lower odds of death, with similar trends observed for hospitalisation, whereas higher VitD levels were associated with a shorter LOS. Nutritional biomarkers and modifiable lifestyle factors, such as body weight and smoking, were associated with differences in clinical outcomes in COVID-19. However, the observational design of the study precludes causal interpretations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1892752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:21:06Z","timestamp":1784521266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA, DPA) and vitamin D with mortality and morbidity outcomes in COVID-19 patients: the COMED study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Svatava","family":"Bischofov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"M\u011b\u0159\u00ednsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslava","family":"Be\u0148ovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Brno","place":["Brno, Czechia"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Petr","family":"Husa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno","place":["Brno, Czechia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"\u0158eh\u016f\u0159kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Klinerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, University Hospital Brno","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila","family":"Bourkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University","place":["Brno, Czechia"]},{"name":"Department of Haematology, University Hospital Brno","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kl\u00e1ra","family":"Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nka","family":"Dvo\u0159\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Hoffmannov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University","place":["Brno, Czechia"]},{"name":"Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Trauma Hospital Brno","place":["Brno, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Podborsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University","place":["Brno, Czechia"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute","place":["Brno, 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