{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:00:09Z","timestamp":1790611209365,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 1992, food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) have been developed worldwide to help consumers and society on a larger scale make informed food choices for their health. However, the global prevalence of chronic diseases continues to increase, raising questions about the effectiveness of FBDGs in addressing the broader determinants of health, and in promoting sustainable food systems. Therefore, this policy and practice review intends to identify and summarize the main shortcomings of the current FBDGs. The more detailed focus on sustainability and food processing issues showed that these two dimensions are still lacking or insufficiently considered in current FBDGs, hindering the formulation of robust recommendations for protecting global health. Based on this analysis, we propose several paradigms shifts to increase the relevance and coherence of future FBDGs: moving from food pyramids to technological pyramids; shifting from the currently excessive quantitative and food group-based recommendations toward more qualitative and holistic guidance; emphasizing the role of the food matrix rather than isolated nutrients; and integrating sustainability and regenerative agricultural practices more explicitly. The overarching challenge lies in designing FBDGs that adopt a systems-oriented, holistic approach\u2014one that reflects the interconnectedness of human, environmental, and societal wellbeing, and that organizes and hierarchizes nutritional information from broad dietary patterns down to specific nutrients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1901940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:38:21Z","timestamp":1789738701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shortcomings of food-based dietary guidelines worldwide: a focus on sustainability and food processing issues"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Fardet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand & Clermont Auvergne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 d'Auvergne, Unit\u00e9 de Nutrition Humaine","place":["Clermont-Ferrand, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Ohlau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TMG\u2014T\u00f6pfer, M\u00fcller, Ga\u00dfner GmbH, EUREF-Campus","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1206-12sp","article-title":"Rebuilding the food pyramid","volume":"16","author":"Willett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci Am."},{"key":"B2","year":"1998","journal-title":"Preparation and Use of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Consultation: Report of a Joint Fao\/Who Consultation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1460","article-title":"scientific opinion on establishing food-based dietary guidelines","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA Journal."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003174417-33","author":"Mazac","year":"2022","journal-title":"A framework for integrating sustainability in international food-based dietary guidelines"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.008789","article-title":"Current food classifications in epidemiological studies do not enable solid nutritional recommendations to prevent diet-related chronic diseases: the impact of food processing","volume":"6","author":"Fardet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Nutr."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Pourquoi Tout Compliquer ?","author":"Fardet","year":"2021"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease (GBD): University of washington\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1858751","article-title":"Exclusive reductionism, chronic diseases and nutritional confusion: degree of processing as a lever for improving public health","volume":"62","author":"Fardet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"r1363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.r1363","article-title":"Junk food \u201cavoids advertising regulation\u201d with top level UK sports Sponsorshi","volume":"390","author":"Borland","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20172822","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2822","article-title":"Sports sponsorships of food and nonalcoholic beverages","volume":"141","author":"Bragg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz139","article-title":"Comparison of European countries FBDG in the light of their contribution to tackle diet-related health inequalities","volume":"30","author":"Carrillo-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082018-124610","article-title":"Evidence collection and evaluation for the development of dietary guidelines and public policy on nutrition","volume":"39","author":"Zeraatkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-00984-2","article-title":"Use of the grade approach in health policymaking and evaluation: a scoping review of nutrition and physical activity policies","volume":"15","author":"Z\u00e4hringer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"key":"B14","author":"Mensendiek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Full Disclosure: Assessing Conflicts of Interest of the 2025 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 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