{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:27:48Z","timestamp":1786512468467,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop an inflammation-oriented dietary pattern among postmenopausal women using data from the Health and Retirement Study, examine its association with inflammatory biomarkers, and secondarily explore menopause timing-related differences in the dietary score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 1,426 postmenopausal women. Natural dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis based on intake data for 40 food groups from the 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Survey; Subsequently, using log-transformed C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 as response variables, we employed reduced-rank regression to extract inflammation-oriented dietary patterns and construct standardized scores. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the association between dietary scores and inflammatory markers, and to further explore the contribution of menopausal status and food groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Principal component analysis identified three natural dietary patterns. The reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary pattern was characterized by higher intakes of processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and refined grains, along with lower intakes of nuts, fish and seafood, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Higher reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary scores were positively correlated with log C-reactive protein, log interleukin-6, and log soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 levels. Exploratory analyses showed that women with premature or early menopause had higher inflammation-oriented dietary scores, accompanied by higher log IL-6 levels; however, the association between the timing of menopause and inflammatory markers was inconsistent, and it did not significantly modify the relationship between dietary scores and inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among postmenopausal women in the HRS, the reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary score was associated with multiple inflammatory markers, primarily reflecting a dietary pattern characterized by higher intake of processed\/refined foods and lower intake of plant-based foods, fish, and whole grains. Women who experienced earlier menopause may have higher reduced-rank regression inflammation-oriented dietary scores; however, these findings require further validation through longitudinal studies and in external cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1905625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:39:23Z","timestamp":1786509563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammation-oriented dietary pattern and menopause timing in postmenopausal women: evidence from the Health and Retirement Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yufan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2021.0119","article-title":"Adverse changes in body composition during the menopausal transition and relation to cardiovascular risk: a contemporary review","volume":"3","author":"Kodoth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e506","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000912","article-title":"Menopause transition and cardiovascular disease risk: implications for timing of early prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"142","author":"El Khoudary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00236-7","article-title":"Decline in endothelial function across the menopause transition in healthy women is related to decreased estradiol and increased oxidative stress","volume":"42","author":"Moreau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01998-9","article-title":"The peri-menopause in a woman's life: a systemic inflammatory phase that enables later neurodegenerative disease","volume":"17","author":"McCarthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2010.11.002","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in population studies of aging","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.013","article-title":"Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters","volume":"70","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100280","article-title":"Influences of the menopause transition and adverse childhood experiences on peripheral basal inflammatory markers","volume":"15","author":"Metcalf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.108119","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating differences in chronic inflammation and adiposity before and after menopause","volume":"190","author":"Pernoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1172\/jci29069","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shoelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.8.980","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study","volume":"288","author":"Pradhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072323","article-title":"Inflammatory potential of diet is associated with biomarkers levels of inflammation and cognitive function among postmenopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Skoczek-Rubi\u0144ska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690428","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.690428","article-title":"Proinflammatory and Hyperinsulinemic dietary patterns are associated with specific profiles of biomarkers predictive of chronic inflammation, glucose-insulin dysregulation, and dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02417-w","article-title":"Associations between dietary patterns and an array of inflammation biomarkers and plasma lipid profile in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Ilesanmi-Oyelere","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061198","article-title":"Diet quality and health in older Americans","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211046818","article-title":"Diet quality and biological risk in a National Sample of older Americans","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-026-01286-x","article-title":"Planetary health diet index and risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease: evidence from the health and retirement study","volume":"25","author":"Bu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.04.037","article-title":"Plant-based diets and risk of multimorbidity: the health and retirement study","volume":"154","author":"Vega-Cabello","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2455388","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.55388","article-title":"Age at menopause and development of type 2 diabetes in Korea","volume":"8","author":"Ko","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh134","article-title":"Application of a new statistical method to derive dietary patterns in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"159","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa280","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire in men assessed by multiple methods","volume":"190","author":"Al-Shaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.4.1029","article-title":"Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"80","author":"Lopez-Garcia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12035","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review","volume":"71","author":"Barbaresko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab086","article-title":"Effects of dietary patterns on biomarkers of inflammation and immune responses: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Koelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Sweetened beverage consumption, incident coronary heart disease, and biomarkers of risk in men","volume-title":"Circulation","author":"de Koning","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580701684872","article-title":"Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence","volume":"60","author":"Santarelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213355","article-title":"Nitrites in cured meats, health risk issues, alternatives to nitrites: a review","volume":"11","author":"Shakil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1318317","article-title":"Dietary red and processed meat intake and markers of adiposity and inflammation: the multiethnic cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00996-1","article-title":"The associations between whole grain and refined grain intakes and serum C-reactive protein","volume":"76","author":"Taskinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020374","article-title":"Whole grain consumption and inflammatory markers: a systematic literature review of randomized control trials","volume":"14","author":"Milesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00674-9","article-title":"Dietary patterns and associations with biomarkers of inflammation in adults: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"20","author":"Hart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016863","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016863","article-title":"The effect of nut consumption on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Neale","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws421","article-title":"Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN","volume":"178","author":"Gold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2216406","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.16406","article-title":"Association of socioeconomic and geographic factors with diet quality in US adults","volume":"5","author":"McCullough","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.6","article-title":"Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs","volume":"79","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv027","article-title":"Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis","volume":"73","author":"Darmon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8103","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138103","article-title":"Alcohol consumption patterns: a systematic review of demographic and sociocultural influencing factors","volume":"19","author":"Khamis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2424495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.24495","article-title":"Alcohol consumption patterns and mortality among older adults with health-related or socioeconomic risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Ortol\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1905625\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:39:32Z","timestamp":1786509572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1905625\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1905625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1905625","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"article-number":"1905625"}}