{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:30:36Z","timestamp":1786516236416,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Algae have long been used for nutritional and health-promoting purposes in several cultures.\n                    <jats:italic>Haematococcus pluvialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a microalga widely recognized as a natural source of astaxanthin, has attracted growing interest as a functional bioresource with potential to improve physical performance and alleviate fatigue; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pluvialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract (YHC-T-2414) and its underlying mechanisms. The effects of YHC-T-2414 on cell viability, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities were evaluated in hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    )-induced C2C12 myoblasts. Its antioxidant effect was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Mice were administered YHC-T-2414 for 3 weeks and subjected to an exhaustive swimming test. Subsequently, fatigue-related biochemical parameters, including lactate, LDH, CK, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in serum and muscle tissues. YHC-T-2414 attenuated H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced reductions in cell viability, and reduced LDH and CK activities and ROS generation in H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -treated C2C12 myoblasts. Furthermore, it significantly increased swimming time in the forced swimming mouse model while reducing lactate, LDH, CK, MDA, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6. Notably, the anti-fatigue effects of YHC-T-2414 may be associated with regulation of the AMPK-NRF2-KEAP1 and AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathways. Overall, YHC-T-2414 may alleviate fatigue by enhancing antioxidant responses and supporting mitochondrial biogenesis-related signaling pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1906109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:55:08Z","timestamp":1786514108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Haematococcus pluvialis extract YHC-T-2414 mitigates exercise- induced fatigue by promoting antioxidant defense and mitochondrial biogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jeongho","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuhan Care Co., Ltd, R&D Center","place":["Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyejin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuhan Care Co., Ltd, R&D Center","place":["Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aeri","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuhan Care Co., Ltd, R&D Center","place":["Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Je","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuhan Care Co., Ltd, R&D Center","place":["Hwaseong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital","place":["Jeonju, Republic of 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