{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:23:37Z","timestamp":1787207017844,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human milk (HM) lipid composition varies considerably among women, but factors associated with variation in complex lipids beyond fatty acid constituents are less well-described. We investigated maternal and infant factors associated with the intact human milk lipidome at 3 weeks and 3 months postpartum in a multi-ethnic Asian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this observational cohort study, 237 lipids across 12 lipid subclasses were quantified in HM samples collected at 3 weeks (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 189) and 3 months (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 104) postpartum via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and direct-infusion mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis captured major axes of lipid variation and time-specific regression models examined associations between predictors (including ethnicity, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, tobacco smoke exposure, maternal mental health, breastfeeding exclusivity\/predominance) and top principal components, with correction for multiple comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethnicity emerged as the strongest factor at both timepoints, explaining 5.6%\u201310.4% of the variance at 3 weeks and 2.6%\u201315.6% at 3 months. Chinese had higher polyunsaturated-fatty-acid (PUFA) lipids, especially very long-chain PUFA triacylglycerols (TGs) and n-3 PUFA phospholipids (PLs), than Indians and Malays. Indians had higher odd-chain lipids (saturated and monounsaturated) and specific PLs compared with Chinese. Together, Indians and Malays had a more saturated- and monounsaturated lipid composition, as well as long-chain sphingolipids compared with Chinese. Antenatal maternal anxiety was independently associated with an altered lipid profile - higher ceramides, monounsaturated lipids and lower PUFA TGs \u2013 at 3 weeks postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethnic differences may partly reflect culturally distinct postpartum confinement diets and fatty acid desaturase (FADS1\/FADS2) genotypic variants. Further investigation into culturally tailored nutritional guidance and perinatal psychological support as modifiable factors associated with the HM lipidome is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1908654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:26:40Z","timestamp":1787203600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnicity and antenatal maternal anxiety: associations with the human milk lipidome in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jayashree","family":"Selvalatchmanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Institute for Human Development and Potential","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F. 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