{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:56:13Z","timestamp":1792788973409,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Quanzhou Medical College","award":["XJK2404A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJK2404A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009xp3h24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Quanzhou Medical College","award":["XJY2401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJY2401"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009xp3h24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Quanzhou Science and Technology Planning Project","award":["2025QZNY016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025QZNY016"]}]},{"name":"Quanzhou High-Level Talent Recruitment Program","award":["2024CT020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CT020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n The therapeutic efficacy of probiotics is often limited by poor survival under gastrointestinal oxidative stress; however, stress adaptation mechanisms in\n Lactiplantibacillus<\/jats:italic>\n remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the probiotic properties of a host-derived strain,\n Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n SAL, elucidated the molecular basis of its oxidative stress tolerance, and assessed whether L-glutamate (L-Glu) supplementation synergistically enhances its protective effects on intestinal barrier integrity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Probiotic traits (gastrointestinal tolerance, antibacterial activity) and antitumor efficacy (CT26 colon cancer xenograft model in nude mice) of\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n SAL were assessed. Transcriptome profiling of H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -challenged SAL identified key stress-responsive genes. The effects of L-Glu supplementation on oxidative stress resistance and antibacterial activity were evaluated\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n . A D-galactose (D-gal)-induced oxidative injury mouse model was used to investigate the restorative effects of the\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n SAL + L-Glu synbiotic on intestinal barrier function.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared with the reference strain\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n WCFS1, SAL possessed superior probiotic traits, with significantly higher viability at 6% NaCl (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.01) and in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.5 after 2\u202fh (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001). SAL administration markedly suppressed tumor growth and attenuated splenomegaly in the colon cancer model, with inhibition rates of 21.26% by tumor weight and 32.51% by tumor volume. Transcriptomic profiling identified 313 differentially expressed genes (149 upregulated, 164 downregulated), revealing glutamate decarboxylase (\n gad<\/jats:italic>\n B) as a key oxidative stress tolerance gene. Heterologous expression of recombinant\n Gad<\/jats:italic>\n B confirmed its enzymatic activity (14.06\u202fU\/mg), mediating resistance via \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis. Supplementation with 1.5% L-Glu significantly increased the antioxidative capacity of\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n SAL, maintaining viable counts at ~10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n \u202fCFU\/mL under 8\u202fmM H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n versus ~10\n 7<\/jats:sup>\n \u202fCFU\/mL without supplementation. In the D-gal-induced oxidative damage model, the\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n SAL + L-Glu synbiotic restored colon barrier integrity, increased goblet cell numbers, reduced inflammatory infiltration, and decreased plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to levels comparable to those of normal controls (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&gt;\u202f0.05). Mechanistically,\n GadB<\/jats:italic>\n -mediated GABA biosynthesis conferred cross-protection against oxidative stress, a function distinct from its canonical acid resistance role and previously unrecognized in\n Lactiplantibacillus<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Augmentation of the\n gad<\/jats:italic>\n B pathway by exogenous L-Glu enhances the probiotic efficacy of\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n SAL by synergistically boosting oxidative stress tolerance and reinforcing intestinal barrier repair. These findings establish\n gad<\/jats:italic>\n B-mediated GABA biosynthesis as a previously unrecognized cross-protective mechanism against oxidative stress, thereby extending the classical acid-resistance paradigm of the GAD system. This targeted metabolic modulation thus offers a promising synbiotic strategy for counteracting oxidative stress-linked gut disorders. Although Nrf2 activation is a plausible mediator, direct confirmation in intestinal tissues and dose optimization are still required.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1909350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:35:51Z","timestamp":1789968951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The gadB pathway confers oxidative stress tolerance in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SAL and acts synergistically with L-glutamate to restore intestinal barrier integrity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Screening and Control of Infectious Diseases, Fujian Provincial University, Quanzhou Medical College","place":["Quanzhou, 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of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University","place":["Guilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Screening and Control of Infectious Diseases, Fujian Provincial University, Quanzhou Medical College","place":["Quanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University","place":["Guilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Screening and Control of Infectious Diseases, Fujian Provincial University, Quanzhou Medical College","place":["Quanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Screening and Control of Infectious Diseases, Fujian Provincial University, Quanzhou Medical College","place":["Quanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Screening and Control of Infectious Diseases, Fujian Provincial University, Quanzhou Medical College","place":["Quanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University","place":["Quanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Screening and Control of Infectious Diseases, Fujian Provincial University, Quanzhou Medical College","place":["Quanzhou, 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