{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:17:00Z","timestamp":1788535020398,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition. This study aimed to develop a camel milk fat-based human milk lipid mimetic whose fatty acid (FA) composition, structural properties, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    digestibility more closely resemble those of human milk fat than conventional vegetable oil-based formulas. Camel milk (CM) fat was physically blended with sunflower, rapeseed, palm kernel, fish oils, and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol using a computational optimization model to approximate the total and\n                    <jats:italic>sn-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    FA profiles of Egyptian human milk. The resulting formulation, together with three commercial formulas and human milk, was compared for total and\n                    <jats:italic>sn-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    FAs by gas chromatography, similarity indices, FTIR, DSC characteristics, and dynamic\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    gastrointestinal digestion, including lipolysis degree and free FA release. IFCM contained 29 detectable fatty acids, matching human milk and exceeding commercial formulas ( \u2264 19), and reduced fatty acid mismatches with human milk to 11 vs. 12\u201319 in commercial products. Total saturated fatty acids reached 50.99%, and sn-2 palmitic acid 34.76%, closer to human milk than in commercial formulas. Intestinal lipolysis at 120 min was 66.47% for IFCM vs. 69.93% for human milk and 60.28%\u221265.43% for commercial formulas, while FTIR and DSC profiles of IFCM aligned more closely with human milk than with vegetable oil-based formulas. Combining CM fat with selected oils resulted in an infant formula with improved compositional and structural resemblance to human milk fat, as well as enhanced\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    lipid digestion, compared to conventional formulas. IFCM represents a promising candidate human milk fat mimetic, warranting\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    evaluation of its effects on infant growth, mineral absorption, and metabolic outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1917713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:31:45Z","timestamp":1788532305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Camel milk fat-based human milk fat substitute"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"bakry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China"]},{"name":"Department of Food and Dairy Science, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abouzid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem","family":"Golshany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Elbarbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa E.","family":"Nafea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, 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