{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:30:51Z","timestamp":1787923851234,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize serum vitamin A, total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and vitamin E across common pediatric endocrine disorders in girls and to test whether the profiles are phenotype-specific.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this single-center retrospective cross-sectional study, serum vitamin A, total 25(OH)D, and vitamin E were simultaneously measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in 4,111 girls aged 3\u201313\u202fyears, including healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f1,503), central precocious puberty (CPP;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f1,146), short stature (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f970), and obesity (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f492). Age-adjusted effect sizes, logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and pre-specified sensitivity analyses were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Each phenotype demonstrated a distinct fat-soluble vitamin profile. Obesity was characterized by higher vitamin A (adjusted Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f+0.50) and lower 25(OH)D (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f\u22120.16), whereas CPP showed lower 25(OH)D (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f\u22120.26) and lower vitamin E (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f\u22120.25). In contrast, short stature was associated with higher 25(OH)D (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f+0.26). Vitamin D deficiency was more common in CPP (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20\u20131.70) but less common in short stature (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.48\u20130.74). Restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a significant nonlinear inverse association between continuous 25(OH)D concentrations and CPP. The higher 25(OH)D concentrations observed in short stature persisted after excluding participants positive for the vitamin D2 supplementation marker.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In girls, common pediatric endocrine disorders carry distinct, phenotype-specific fat-soluble vitamin profiles, with CPP and short stature diverging in opposite directions for vitamin D. Effect sizes were modest, and the short-stature elevation may substantially reflect unmeasured cholecalciferol supplementation; these group-level patterns therefore warrant cautious, biomarker-oriented interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1924137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:52:52Z","timestamp":1787921572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotype-specific 25-hydroxyvitamin D and fat-soluble vitamin profiles in girls with pediatric endocrine disorders: a large cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Changzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Haikou People\u2019s Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20242","article-title":"Overview of retinoid metabolism and function","volume":"66","author":"Blomhoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.024","article-title":"Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more","volume":"43","author":"Traber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-024-01251-7","article-title":"Vitamin D in disease prevention and cure-part I: an update on molecular mechanism and significance on human health","volume":"40","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90200-7","article-title":"The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors","volume":"83","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","article-title":"Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain","volume":"29","author":"Eyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-5793(02)02706-0","article-title":"Non-antioxidant molecular functions of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E)","volume":"519","author":"Azzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298374","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1298374","article-title":"An updated meta-analysis of the relationship between vitamin D levels and precocious puberty","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo00665d","article-title":"Does vitamin D have a potential role in precocious puberty? A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0388","article-title":"The association between vitamin D levels and precocious puberty: a meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.1997.10.1.51","article-title":"Vitamin a and beta carotene levels in constitutional delay of growth and puberty","volume":"10","author":"Buyukgebiz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02034.x","article-title":"Vitamin a and iron supplementation is as efficient as hormonal therapy in constitutionally delayed children","volume":"60","author":"Zadik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601828","article-title":"Plasma retinol concentration according to pubertal maturation in school children and adolescents of Medellin, Colombia","volume":"58","author":"Alvarez Uribe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.5.955","article-title":"The cost of successful adolescent growth and development in girls in relation to iron and vitamin a status","volume":"55","author":"Brabin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2022.2025767","article-title":"Oxidant-antioxidant balance in girls with precocious puberty: a case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Koksal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070618","article-title":"Antioxidants and oxidative stress in children: influence of puberty and metabolically unhealthy status","volume":"9","author":"Ruperez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951552","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.951552","article-title":"Integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics in girls with central precocious puberty","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157272","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1157272","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics in girls with central precocious puberty","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.3109\/17477166.2010.491228","article-title":"Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is primarily associated with adipose tissue mass in children","volume":"6","author":"Friebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2745","article-title":"Retinol-binding protein 4 and its relation to insulin resistance in obese children before and after weight loss","volume":"93","author":"Reinehr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2011.26.6.797","article-title":"Association of serum retinol binding protein 4 with adiposity and pubertal development in Korean children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Rhie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707283","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.707283","article-title":"Vitamin D status in children with short stature: accurate determination of serum vitamin D components using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-026-04853-5","article-title":"Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Rao","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0800459","article-title":"Clinical practice. Precocious puberty","volume":"358","author":"Carel","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag168","article-title":"Central precocious puberty: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"111","author":"Latronico","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0509","article-title":"Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the growth hormone research society, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Workshop","volume":"93","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"97","article-title":"Body mass index reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2009.07.003","article-title":"Height and weight standardized growth charts for Chinese children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112140-20220802-00693","article-title":"Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty(2022)","volume":"61","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056871","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1056871","article-title":"Childhood obesity and central precocious puberty","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1862","article-title":"Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"122","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112140-20211230-01092","article-title":"Practical guidelines for clinical issues related to vitamin D nutrition in Chinese children","volume":"60","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514355","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1514355","article-title":"Variations in vitamin D status among Chinese children aged 1-6 years during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62305-7","article-title":"Assessment of serum vitamin D levels in children aged 0-17 years old in a Chinese population: a comprehensive study","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291","article-title":"Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls","volume":"44","author":"Marshall","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00147","article-title":"Review of the literature on current changes in the timing of pubertal development and the incomplete forms of early puberty","volume":"7","author":"Farello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors","volume":"15","author":"Harrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2009.07.004","article-title":"Body mass index growth curves for Chinese children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059569","article-title":"Construction of a new growth references for China based on urban Chinese children: comparison with the WHO growth standards","volume":"8","author":"Zong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Statistic Soc"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2014.19.2.91","article-title":"Associations between serum vitamin D levels and precocious puberty in girls","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3022-9","article-title":"There is no association between vitamin D status and characteristics of central precocious puberty in girls","volume":"176","author":"Duhil de Benaze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-017-0544-5","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3328","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill children","volume":"130","author":"Madden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060856","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in children with a chronic illness-seasonal and age-related variations in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations","volume":"8","author":"Holmlund-Suila","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690","article-title":"Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity","volume":"72","author":"Wortsman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.404","article-title":"Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low vitamin D status of obesity","volume":"20","author":"Drincic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035322","article-title":"The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty","volume":"349","author":"Seminara","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0022","article-title":"Minireview: kisspeptin\/neurokinin B\/dynorphin (KNDy) cells of the arcuate nucleus: a central node in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion","volume":"151","author":"Lehman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.4.7403","article-title":"Vitamin D is an important factor in estrogen biosynthesis of both female and male gonads","volume":"141","author":"Kinuta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0897-391","article-title":"Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning","volume":"16","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.018168","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and age at menarche: a prospective study","volume":"94","author":"Villamor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3686","article-title":"Obesity decreases hepatic 25-hydroxylase activity causing low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"34","author":"Roizen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061707","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protects against macrophage-induced activation of NFkappaB and MAPK signalling and chemokine release in human adipocytes","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03711","article-title":"Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"436","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001383","article-title":"Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts","volume":"10","author":"Vimaleswaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328602300505","article-title":"The use of different lipids to express serum tocopherol: lipid ratios for the measurement of vitamin E status","volume":"23","author":"Thurnham","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.01.006","article-title":"Vitamin a signaling and homeostasis in obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders","volume":"197","author":"Blaner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPMMM.IJPMMM_10_25","article-title":"Vitamins a, B, C, D, E, and K as molecular modulators: integrative roles in precision medicine, nutrigenomics, therapy, and disease prevention","volume":"1","author":"Saini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Precis Med Molec Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13601","article-title":"Precision nutrition-the answer to \u201cwhat to eat to stay healthy\u201d","volume":"324","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3841","article-title":"Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk","volume":"49","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1924137\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:52:58Z","timestamp":1787921578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1924137\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1924137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1924137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1924137"}}