{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:05:48Z","timestamp":1789571148488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":275,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) essential fatty acids, play critical roles in brain development and function, serving as precursors to a wide range of bioactive lipid mediators involved in immune and inflammatory signaling. Emerging evidence implicates PUFA dysregulation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, severe psychiatric conditions that remain incompletely treated by current therapeutics. In this review, we first outline the biological roles of PUFAs relevant to neurodevelopment and psychiatric risk, with particular emphasis on their interactions with synaptic, immune, and stress-related risk pathways impinging on neurodevelopment. We synthesize preclinical evidence showing how altered PUFA availability influences neurobiological and behavioral phenotypes relevant to psychosis, alongside human observational, epidemiological, genomic and lipidomic studies that implicate disrupted PUFA metabolism in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Finally, we evaluate clinical trials of n-3 PUFA supplementation, considering both its therapeutic potential and current limitations. Together, we highlight PUFA metabolism as a mechanistic bridge linking neurodevelopment, immune function, and psychiatric risk, and as a potential target for future therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1929742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:48:46Z","timestamp":1789570126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyunsaturated fatty acids and psychotic disorders: integrating mechanistic, genetic, and clinical evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Westacott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Nutrigenomics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Dec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Nutrigenomics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Gruszczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Nutrigenomics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Nutrigenomics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Nutrigenomics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian J.","family":"Harwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Nutrigenomics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics, Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute (MHeNs), Maastricht University","place":["Maastricht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(96)90138-6","article-title":"Schizophrenia as a membrane lipid disorder which is expressed throughout the body.","volume":"55","author":"Horrobin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(03)00089-0","article-title":"Psychosis in bipolar disorder: phenomenology and impact on morbidity and course of illness.","volume":"44","author":"Keck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08185","article-title":"Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.","volume":"460","author":"Purcell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171595","article-title":"Identification of shared risk loci and pathways for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.","volume":"12","author":"Forstner","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00857-4","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology.","volume":"53","author":"Mullins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3922","article-title":"Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways.","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaa8757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8757","article-title":"Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain.","volume":"360","author":"Brainstorm Consortium, Anttila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3485","article-title":"Association between schizophrenia-related polygenic liability and the occurrence and level of mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder.","volume":"75","author":"Allardyce","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09820-3","article-title":"Mapping the genetic landscape across 14 psychiatric disorders.","volume":"649","author":"Grotzinger","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.19","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and Bipolar I disorders in a general population.","volume":"64","author":"Per\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20994","article-title":"Mortality in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors.","volume":"21","author":"Correll","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.03.027","article-title":"Causes of decreased life expectancy over the life span in bipolar disorder.","volume":"180","author":"Kessing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02109-9","article-title":"All-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with bipolar disorder: a large-scale systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"Biazus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112440512","article-title":"A critical review of major mortality risk factors for all-cause mortality in first-episode schizophrenia: clinical and research implications.","volume":"26","author":"Beary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.07.012","article-title":"Dysregulated lipid metabolism precedes onset of psychosis.","volume":"89","author":"Dickens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106203","article-title":"The overlooked role of metabolic disorders in bipolar disorder.","volume":"174","author":"Khayachi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2351","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2351","article-title":"The costs of bipolar disorder in the United Kingdom.","volume":"11","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2022.2157596","article-title":"Socioeconomic burden of schizophrenia: a targeted literature review of types of costs and associated drivers across 10 countries.","volume":"26","author":"Kotzeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Econ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100823","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2022-100823","article-title":"glimpse of gender differences in schizophrenia.","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00292-4","article-title":"Exploration of first onsets of mania, schizophrenia spectrum disorders and major depressive disorder in perimenopause.","volume":"2","author":"Shitomi-Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.066217","article-title":"Efficacy of atypical v. typical antipsychotics in the treatment of early psychosis: meta-analysis.","volume":"196","author":"Crossley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000435","article-title":"Antipsychotic treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis: prevalence, subtypes and predictors.","volume":"47","author":"Demjaha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666150630175841","article-title":"Future directions for pharmacotherapies for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Dodd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medici.2016.05.003","article-title":"The importance of n-6\/n-3 fatty acids ratio in the major depressive disorder.","volume":"52","author":"Husted","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2000.6196","article-title":"cDNA cloning, genomic structure, and chromosomal localization of three members of the human fatty acid desaturase family.","volume":"66","author":"Marquardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genomics."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041185","article-title":"Perinatal dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain development, role in neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"13","author":"Martinat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2005047","article-title":"Conversion of \u03b1 -linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults.","volume":"45","author":"Burdge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2005473","article-title":"Long-chain n -3 PUFA: plant v. marine sources.","volume":"65","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061801","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in young men and women consuming their habitual diets.","volume":"96","author":"Bakewell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02676-6","article-title":"Global variations in omega-3 fatty acid status and omega-6:omega-3 ratios: insights from >500,000 whole-blood dried blood spot samples.","volume":"24","author":"Torrissen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000345599","article-title":"Gender differences in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status: systematic review of 51 publications.","volume":"62","author":"Lohner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl117","article-title":"Common genetic variants of the FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster and their reconstructed haplotypes are associated with the fatty acid composition in phospholipids.","volume":"15","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00319.x","article-title":"Genetic variation in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and its potential relevance for human development and health.","volume":"7","author":"Glaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02517-6","article-title":"Comparative analysis of fatty acid profiles across omnivorous, flexitarians, vegetarians, and vegans: insights from the NuEva study.","volume":"24","author":"Klein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03165-6","article-title":"Western diets and chronic diseases.","volume":"30","author":"Adolph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02060-3","article-title":"By the numbers: China\u2019s changing diet.","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.10.014","article-title":"The mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"128","author":"Widmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172888","article-title":"The association between the mediterranean diet and fatty acids in red blood cells of spanish adolescents.","volume":"17","author":"Ayala-Aldana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29716-3_9","article-title":"Evolutionary Aspects of the Dietary Omega-6\/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio: Medical Implications.","volume-title":"Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine.","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2016"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-119-0_1","article-title":"Evolutionary Aspects of Diet: Essential Fatty Acids.","volume-title":"Fatty Acids.","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2001"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8848161","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8848161","article-title":"Overconsumption of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) versus deficiency of Omega-3 PUFAs in modern-day diets: the disturbing factor for their \u201cBalanced Antagonistic Metabolic Functions\u201d in the human body.","volume":"2021","author":"Mariamenatu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Lipids."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.04.022","article-title":"Human health benefits of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae.","volume":"178","author":"Lupette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041074","article-title":"Importance of EPA and DHA Blood Levels in Brain Structure and Function.","volume":"13","author":"von Schacky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2022.102418","article-title":"Red blood cell fatty acid patterns from 7 countries: focus on the Omega-3 index.","volume":"179","author":"Schuchardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120006989","article-title":"Omega-3 index in 2018\/19.","volume":"79","author":"Von Schacky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072421","article-title":"Beneficial outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health: an update for 2021.","volume":"13","author":"Djuricic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3470719","article-title":"cDNA cloning and characterization of human \u03945-desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid.","volume":"347","author":"Leonard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2010.03.002","article-title":"Fatty acid desaturase 3 (Fads3) is a singular member of the Fads cluster.","volume":"93","author":"Blanchard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimie."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC119.011883","article-title":"FADS3 is a \u039414Z sphingoid base desaturase that contributes to gender differences in the human plasma sphingolipidome.","volume":"295","author":"Karsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2012.02.003","article-title":"Dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids upregulate expression of FADS3 transcripts.","volume":"88","author":"Reardon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194610","article-title":"Tissue-specific impact of FADS cluster variants on FADS1 and FADS2 gene expression.","volume":"13","author":"Reynolds","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2011.02.012","article-title":"Polymorphisms in FADS1 and FADS2 alter desaturase activity in young Caucasian and Asian adults.","volume":"103","author":"Merino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71948-1","article-title":"FADS genetic and metabolomic analyses identify the \u03945 desaturase (FADS1) step as a critical control point in the formation of biologically important lipids.","volume":"10","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0397-8","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder.","volume":"51","author":"Stahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00286-8","article-title":"Associations between plasma fatty acid concentrations and schizophrenia: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study.","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051195","article-title":"Association between arachidonic acid and the risk of schizophrenia: a cross-national study and mendelian randomization analysis.","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.259","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies two novel susceptibility loci and trans population polygenicity associated with bipolar disorder.","volume":"23","author":"Ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2008.09.010","article-title":"Brain arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid cascades are selectively altered by drugs, diet and disease.","volume":"79","author":"Rapoport","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2006.07.010","article-title":"Role of omega-3 fatty acids in brain development and function: potential implications for the pathogenesis and prevention of psychopathology.","volume":"75","author":"McNamara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3820","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease.","volume":"15","author":"Bazinet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.12.2515","article-title":"Arachidonic acid and the brain.","volume":"138","author":"Rapoport","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800530-JLR200","article-title":"Imaging incorporation of circulating docosahexaenoic acid into the human brain using positron emission tomography.","volume":"50","author":"Umhau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02537156","article-title":"Quantitative effects of dietary polyunsaturated fats on the composition of fatty acids in rat tissues.","volume":"25","author":"Lands","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lipids."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2011.10.012","article-title":"Fetal intrauterine whole body linoleic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid contents and accretion rates.","volume":"86","author":"Kuipers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.855","article-title":"Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development1.","volume":"137","author":"Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010006","article-title":"DHA effects in brain development and function.","volume":"8","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4157(84)90005-4","article-title":"The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function.","volume":"779","author":"Stubbs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Rev Biomembr."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.03.012","article-title":"Polyunsaturated lipids regulate membrane domain stability by tuning membrane order.","volume":"110","author":"Levental","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys J."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-268342","article-title":"Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior.","volume":"29","author":"Patrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0805-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system.","volume":"36","author":"Salem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lipids."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2818-13.2014","article-title":"Brain white matter development is associated with a human-specific haplotype increasing the synthesis of long chain fatty acids.","volume":"34","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1505S","article-title":"n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases.","volume":"83","author":"Calder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3859","article-title":"Eicosanoid storm in infection and inflammation.","volume":"15","author":"Dennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zqac071","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqac071","article-title":"Lipidomics moves to center stage of biomedicine.","volume":"4","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Function."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838782","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.838782","article-title":"Formation, signaling and occurrence of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators\u2014what is the evidence so far?","volume":"13","author":"Schebb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2026.102731","article-title":"Comparing the quantitation of specialized pro-resolving mediators in plasma and serum using ELISA and LC-MS\/MS.","volume":"209","author":"Naicker","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97943","article-title":"Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators.","volume":"128","author":"Serhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R300013-JLR200","article-title":"Synaptic lipid signaling.","volume":"44","author":"Bazan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122990","article-title":"The influence of dietary fatty acids on immune responses.","volume":"11","author":"Radzikowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00623.x","article-title":"Encapsulated fish oil enriched in \u03b1-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions.","volume":"30","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-000-0583-1","article-title":"Effect of low-to-moderate amounts of dietary fish oil on neutrophil lipid composition and function.","volume":"35","author":"Healy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lipids."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2130","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to alpha linolenic acid and contribution to brain and nerve tissue development pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006.","volume":"9","year":"2011","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12479","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS252212479","article-title":"The role of alpha-linolenic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids in mental health: a narrative review.","volume":"25","author":"Bertoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.04.005","article-title":"Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory oxylipins in older subjects are normalized by flaxseed consumption.","volume":"59","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-007-3117-6","article-title":"Estradiol favors the formation of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) from alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.","volume":"43","author":"Alessandri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lipids."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012187","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipins in neuroinflammation and management of Alzheimer disease12.","volume":"7","author":"Devassy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519830","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/519830","article-title":"Alpha-Linolenic Acid: an Omega-3 fatty acid with neuroprotective properties\u2014ready for use in the stroke clinic?","volume":"2015","author":"Blondeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/LIPD.12355","article-title":"\u03b1-linolenic acid interconversion is sufficient as a source of longer chain \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans: an opinion.","volume":"57","author":"Burdge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lipids."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0012-5","article-title":"Oral consumption of \u03b1-linolenic acid increases serum BDNF levels in healthy adult humans.","volume":"14","author":"Hadjighassem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20355","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201119698","article-title":"\u03b1-Linolenic acid, a nutraceutical with pleiotropic properties that targets endogenous neuroprotective pathways to protect against organophosphate nerve agent-induced neuropathology.","volume":"20","author":"Piermartiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166808","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1166808","article-title":"A high ratio of linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA) to alpha-linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) adversely affects early stage of human neuronal differentiation and electrophysiological activity of glutamatergic neurons in vitro.","volume":"11","author":"Dec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.07.007","article-title":"Effects of dietary omega-3 PUFAs on growth and development: somatic, neurobiological and reproductive functions in a murine model.","volume":"61","author":"Bianconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.06.005","article-title":"Developmental and neurobehavioral effects of perinatal exposure to diets with different \u03c9-6:\u03c9-3 ratios in mice.","volume":"26","author":"Santill\u00e1n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2016.13.1.18","article-title":"Bipolar disorder: role of inflammation and the development of disease biomarkers.","volume":"13","author":"Muneer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840266","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.840266","article-title":"Complement dependent synaptic reorganisation during critical periods of brain development and risk for psychiatric disorder.","volume":"16","author":"Westacott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.94","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing implicates dorsal striatum-specific gene network, immune response and energy metabolism pathways in bipolar disorder.","volume":"22","author":"Pacifico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.05.014","article-title":"Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a decade of further progress.","volume":"247","author":"Cheslack-Postava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.07.025","article-title":"Dietary n-3 long chain PUFA supplementation promotes a pro-resolving oxylipin profile in the brain.","volume":"76","author":"Rey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17121311","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and neuropsychiatric illness: a translational research perspective.","volume":"175","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00793-7","article-title":"Maternal dietary omega-3 deficiency worsens the deleterious effects of prenatal inflammation on the gut-brain axis in the offspring across lifetime.","volume":"46","author":"Leyrolle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173949","article-title":"Sex influences in the preventive effects of peripubertal supplementation with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice exposed to the two-hit model of schizophrenia.","volume":"897","author":"Da Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.02.001","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids during adolescence prevent schizophrenia-related behavioural deficits: neurophysiological evidences from the prenatal viral infection with PolyI:C.","volume":"46","author":"Casquero-Veiga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051068","article-title":"Supplement treatment with NAC and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy partially prevents schizophrenia-related outcomes in the poly I:C rat model.","volume":"12","author":"Edemann-Callesen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05129.x","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in microglial cells by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide receptor presentation but not its membrane subdomain localization.","volume":"105","author":"De Smedt-Peyrusse","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0939-x","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid-containing choline phospholipid modulates LPS-induced neuroinflammation in vivo and in microglia in vitro.","volume":"14","author":"Fourrier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.036","article-title":"The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination.","volume":"131","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03566-5","article-title":"Microglia remodel synapses by presynaptic trogocytosis and spine head filopodia induction.","volume":"9","author":"Weinhard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16549","article-title":"Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4.","volume":"530","author":"Sekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19861-z","article-title":"Essential omega-3 fatty acids tune microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the mouse developing brain.","volume":"11","author":"Madore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.09.018","article-title":"The association of plasma inflammatory markers with omega-3 fatty acids and their mediating role in psychotic symptoms and functioning: an analysis of the NEURAPRO clinical trial.","volume":"99","author":"Susai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.125","article-title":"Genetic insights into the neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia.","volume":"18","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06335.x","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid promotes hippocampal neuronal development and synaptic function.","volume":"111","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.6.1570","article-title":"Maternal Dietary (n-3) fatty acid deficiency alters neurogenesis in the embryonic rat brain.","volume":"136","author":"Coti Bertrand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.05.012","article-title":"Delayed cell migration in the developing rat brain following maternal omega 3 alpha linolenic acid dietary deficiency.","volume":"162","author":"Yavin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02520.x","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurite growth in hippocampal neurons.","volume":"90","author":"Calderon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20102118","article-title":"N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes development of hippocampal neurons.","volume":"435","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.170","article-title":"Widespread white matter microstructural differences in schizophrenia across 4322 individuals: results from the ENIGMA Schizophrenia DTI Working Group.","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0485-6","article-title":"Widespread white matter microstructural abnormalities in bipolar disorder: evidence from mega- and meta-analyses across 3033 individuals.","volume":"44","author":"Favre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2021.07.007","article-title":"Microglial \u2018fat shaming\u2019 in development and disease.","volume":"73","author":"Zareba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1747-1","article-title":"Microglia contribute to normal myelinogenesis and to oligodendrocyte progenitor maintenance during adulthood.","volume":"134","author":"Hagemeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802411","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.802411","article-title":"N-3 PUFA deficiency affects the ultrastructural organization and density of white matter microglia in the developing brain of male mice.","volume":"16","author":"Decoeur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02784-4","article-title":"Brain tissue- and cell type-specific eQTL Mendelian randomization reveals efficacy of FADS1 and FADS2 on cognitive function.","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.10.018","article-title":"Schizophrenia genomics: convergence on synaptic development, adult synaptic plasticity, or both?","volume":"91","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.07.011","article-title":"Genetic risk for schizophrenia: convergence on synaptic pathways involved in plasticity.","volume":"77","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00847-z","article-title":"Brain gene co-expression networks link complement signaling with convergent synaptic pathology in schizophrenia.","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02043-w","article-title":"The synaptic hypothesis of schizophrenia version III: a master mechanism.","volume":"28","author":"Howes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00918","article-title":"Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are required for efficient neurotransmission in C. elegans.","volume":"116","author":"Lesa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cell Sci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2736","article-title":"Nutritional omega-3 deficiency abolishes endocannabinoid-mediated neuronal functions.","volume":"14","author":"Lafourcade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw052","article-title":"Nutritional n-3 PUFA deficiency abolishes endocannabinoid gating of hippocampal long-term potentiation.","volume":"27","author":"Thomazeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01997-6","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify mouse hippocampal neuronal excitability during excitotoxic or convulsant stimulation.","volume":"846","author":"Xiao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136881","article-title":"Shared biological pathways between antipsychotics and Omega-3 fatty acids: a key feature for schizophrenia preventive treatment?","volume":"22","author":"Frajerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114563634","article-title":"Glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia: an update for the 21st century.","volume":"29","author":"Howes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)00950-2","article-title":"Chronic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency alters dopamine vesicle density in the rat frontal cortex.","volume":"284","author":"Zimmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-017-0014-8","article-title":"Vulnerability to omega-3 deprivation in a mouse model of NMDA receptor hypofunction.","volume":"3","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Npj Schizophr."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00043","article-title":"Actions and mechanisms of polyunsaturated fatty acids on voltage-gated ION channels.","volume":"8","author":"Elinder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby096","article-title":"CACNA1C: association with psychiatric disorders, behavior, and neurogenesis.","volume":"44","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R057588","article-title":"Cytosolic phospholipase A2: physiological function and role in disease.","volume":"56","author":"Leslie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.346460","article-title":"Functions and mechanisms of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in central nervous system trauma.","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01123-3","article-title":"Differential alteration of phospholipase A2 activities in brain of patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"821","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14171348","article-title":"The role of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia.","volume":"14","author":"Nakamura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12559","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate sodium and calcium currents in CA1 neurons.","volume":"93","author":"Vreugdenhil","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00245","article-title":"Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiac Ion channels.","volume":"3","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-08-02522.1996","article-title":"Inhibition of the Kv4 (Shal) family of transient K+ currents by arachidonic acid.","volume":"16","author":"Villarroel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7500","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503465103","article-title":"Localization of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels to a caveolar macromolecular signaling complex is required for \u03b22 -adrenergic regulation.","volume":"103","author":"Balijepalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14090631","article-title":"Ion channel regulation in caveolae and its pathological implications.","volume":"14","author":"Huo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115789","article-title":"Pro-ferroptotic lipids as key control points for caveola formation and disassembly.","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686666","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.686666","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and their relationship to genetic risk: current knowledge and future directions.","volume":"12","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.77","article-title":"Nutritional omega-3 modulates neuronal morphology in the prefrontal cortex along with depression-related behaviour through corticosterone secretion.","volume":"4","author":"Larrieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111581","article-title":"Enriched and deficient omega-3 PUFA exposure from gestation to adulthood modulates anxiety-related behavior and stress- and neuroplasticity-related brain gene expression in mice.","volume":"144","author":"Bianconi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.02.006","article-title":"Exposure to a maternal n-3 fatty acid-deficient diet during brain development provokes excessive hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis responses to stress and behavioral indices of depression and anxiety in male rat offspring later in life.","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00908-0","article-title":"The role of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing glucocorticoid-induced reduction in human hippocampal neurogenesis and increase in apoptosis.","volume":"10","author":"Borsini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03119-5","article-title":"The dietary ligands, omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids and short-chain fatty acids prevent cytokine-induced reduction of human hippocampal neurogenesis and alter the expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity.","volume":"30","author":"Mandal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"yv130","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv130","article-title":"The Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) reverses corticosterone-induced changes in cortical neurons.","volume":"19","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01077-2","article-title":"Omega-3 supplementation and stress reactivity of cellular aging biomarkers: an ancillary substudy of a randomized, controlled trial in midlife adults.","volume":"26","author":"Madison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.03.003","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids administered in phosphatidylserine improved certain aspects of high chronic stress in men.","volume":"32","author":"Hellhammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Res."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2010.12.003","article-title":"Plasma omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and monounsaturated fatty acids are altered by chronic social stress and predict endocrine responses to acute stress in titi monkeys.","volume":"84","author":"Laugero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009004935","article-title":"Plasma n -3 fatty acids and psychological distress in aboriginal Cree Indians (Canada).","volume":"12","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)43209-2","article-title":"Dietary effects on brain fatty acid composition: the reversibility of n-3 fatty acid deficiency and turnover of docosahexaenoic acid in the brain, erythrocytes, and plasma of rhesus monkeys.","volume":"31","author":"Connor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11766-0","article-title":"Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as lysophosphatidylcholine, but not as free acid, enriches brain DHA and improves memory in adult mice.","volume":"7","author":"Sugasini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01988-2","article-title":"GWAS-identified bipolar disorder risk allele in the FADS1\/2 gene region links mood episodes and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in mutant mice.","volume":"28","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.3390\/NU15204388","article-title":"Effects of varied Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on postpartum mental health and the association between prenatal erythrocyte Omega-3 fatty acid levels and postpartum mental health.","volume":"15","author":"Harauma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126650","article-title":"Dietary Long-Chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation alters electrophysiological properties in the nucleus accumbens and emotional behavior in na\u00efve and chronically stressed mice.","volume":"23","author":"Di Miceli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017446","article-title":"Deficit in prepulse inhibition in mice caused by dietary n-3 fatty acid deficiency.","volume":"123","author":"Fedorova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa059","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of sensorimotor gating deficits in patients with schizophrenia evaluated by prepulse inhibition test.","volume":"46","author":"San-Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2271-8","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition in patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013801","article-title":"An n-3 fatty acid deficiency impairs rat spatial learning in the Barnes maze.","volume":"123","author":"Fedorova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-022-01026-8","article-title":"Impairments in goal-directed action and reversal learning in a proportion of individuals with psychosis.","volume":"22","author":"Suetani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.05.009","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augments amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in adult mice: prevention by chronic lithium treatment.","volume":"42","author":"McNamara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108437","article-title":"Measuring brain docosahexaenoic acid turnover as a marker of metabolic consumption.","volume":"248","author":"Klievik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2016.09.003","article-title":"Modulation of brain PUFA content in different experimental models of mice.","volume":"114","author":"Joffre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.06.020","article-title":"Comparison of erythrocyte omega-3 index, fatty acids and molecular phospholipid species in people at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis and healthy people.","volume":"226","author":"Alqarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00393","article-title":"Relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and psychopathology in the NEURAPRO clinical trial.","volume":"10","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.07.016","article-title":"Association of plasma \u03c9-3 and \u03c9-6 lipids with burden of disease measures in bipolar subjects.","volume":"46","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00986-0","article-title":"Significantly reduced docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes from schizophrenic patients compared with a carefully matched control group.","volume":"49","author":"Assies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.09.036","article-title":"Opposite changes in predominantly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cerebrospinal fluid and red blood cells from never-medicated first-episode psychotic patients.","volume":"98","author":"Kale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.08.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes in schizophrenia.","volume":"141","author":"van der Kemp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90291-S","article-title":"Essential and other fatty acids in plasma in schizophrenics and normal individuals from Japan.","volume":"30","author":"Kaiya","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.09.035","article-title":"First-Episode bipolar disorder is associated with erythrocyte membrane docosahexaenoic acid deficits: dissociation from clinical response to lithium or quetiapine.","volume":"230","author":"McNamara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.04.036","article-title":"Erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in young people at ultra-high risk for psychotic disorder and healthy adolescent controls.","volume":"228","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.09.041","article-title":"Red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids measured in red blood cells and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.","volume":"207","author":"Hoen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12386","article-title":"Meta-analysis of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid biostatus in bipolar disorder.","volume":"18","author":"McNamara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188452","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1188452","article-title":"Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in antipsychotic-free individuals with at-risk mental state and patients with first-episode schizophrenia.","volume":"14","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90045-0","article-title":"Red blood cell membrane dynamics in schizophrenia. II. Fatty acid composition.","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007140","article-title":"Reduced red blood cell membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia at neuroleptic-naive baseline.","volume":"30","author":"Reddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2010.07.001","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids deficits are associated with psychotic state and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"83","author":"Sethom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.05.007","article-title":"Association of plasma apolipoproteins D with RBC membrane arachidonic acid levels in schizophrenia.","volume":"72","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00220-8","article-title":"Decreased antioxidant enzymes and membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenic and bipolar mood disorder patients.","volume":"121","author":"Ranjekar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac084","article-title":"Unsaturated fatty acids in mental disorders: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby125","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"45","author":"Fraguas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12282","article-title":"Adolescents with or at ultra-high risk for bipolar disorder exhibit erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid deficits: a candidate prodromal risk biomarker.","volume":"10","author":"McNamara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.018","article-title":"Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids and risk of psychotic outcomes in the ALSPAC birth cohort.","volume":"224","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.04.004","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and associations with psychosis spectrum outcomes in early adulthood.","volume":"96","author":"Mongan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.11.050","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of the relationship between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and neuropsychological functioning in recent-onset psychosis: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"228","author":"Szeszko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.11.027","article-title":"Abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients: gender differences and partial normalization with antipsychotic medications.","volume":"91","author":"McNamara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.01.016","article-title":"Altered fatty acid concentrations in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients.","volume":"47","author":"Taha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.08.001","article-title":"Brain lipid concentrations in bipolar disorder.","volume":"44","author":"Igarashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.11.017","article-title":"Phospholipid profile in the postmortem hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: no changes in docosahexaenoic acid species.","volume":"44","author":"Hamazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.05.007","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of the postmortem corpus callosum of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder.","volume":"39","author":"Hamazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.08.009","article-title":"Evidence for altered cell membrane lipid composition in postmortem prefrontal white matter in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.","volume":"95","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.05.033","article-title":"Prefrontal fatty acid composition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: association with reelin expression.","volume":"215","author":"Beasley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1466","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1466","article-title":"Lipidomics: current state of the art in a fast moving field.","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Syst Biol Med."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.02.007","article-title":"How do lipids fit into the picture of severe mental health disorders? a missing pathophysiologic link or just a consequence of behavior and treatment.","volume":"83","author":"Schulte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02512-x","article-title":"Lipidomics and genomics in mental health: insights into major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"24","author":"Modesti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2023.07.004","article-title":"Lipid biomarker research in bipolar disorder: a scoping review of trends, challenges, and future directions.","volume":"3","author":"Hiller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13060957","article-title":"Is it time for a paradigm shift in the treatment of schizophrenia? the use of inflammation-reducing and neuroprotective drugs-a review.","volume":"13","author":"Messina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4350","article-title":"Lipid alteration signature in the blood plasma of individuals with schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder.","volume":"80","author":"Tkachev","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13050600","article-title":"Application of lipidomics in psychiatry: plasma-based potential biomarkers in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091296","article-title":"Blood plasma lipid alterations differentiating psychotic and affective disorder patients.","volume":"15","author":"Golubova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16010069","article-title":"Discrimination of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients based on LC-HRMS lipidomics.","volume":"16","author":"Jankovi\u0107","year":"2026","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6134","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136134","article-title":"Plasma and serum LC-MS lipidomic fingerprints of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.","volume":"26","author":"Taki\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114537","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1145437","article-title":"Associations between prefrontal PI (16:0\/20:4) lipid, TNC mRNA, and APOA1 protein in schizophrenia: a trans-omics analysis in post-mortem brain.","volume":"14","author":"Sano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.01.018","article-title":"Integrated lipidomics and proteomics point to early blood-based changes in childhood preceding later development of psychotic experiences: evidence from the avon longitudinal study of parents and children.","volume":"86","author":"Madrid-Gambin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37132-7","article-title":"Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study.","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.1.74","article-title":"Comparison between plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in US women.","volume":"86","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30293-7","article-title":"Mendelian randomisation for nutritional psychiatry.","volume":"7","author":"Carnegie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.02.1005","article-title":"A metabolome-wide mendelian randomization study identifies dysregulated arachidonic acid synthesis as a potential causal risk factor for bipolar disorder.","volume":"96","author":"Stacey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2025.100890","article-title":"Widespread but moderate genetic overlap between circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain disorders.","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6200","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00265A","article-title":"Assessment of causal relationships between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a 2-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study.","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511003230","article-title":"Differences in arachidonic acid levels and Fatty Acid Desaturase (FADS) gene variants in african americans and european americans with diabetes\/metabolic syndrome.","volume":"107","author":"Sergeant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2815","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA).","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00083-9","article-title":"Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia.","volume":"49","author":"Peet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHGENPSYCHIATRY.2009.192","article-title":"Long-Chain \u03c9-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"67","author":"Amminger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2016.2902","article-title":"Effect of \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in young people at ultrahigh risk for psychotic disorders: the NEURAPRO randomized clinical trial.","volume":"74","author":"McGorry","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.10.025","article-title":"A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of minocycline and\/or omega-3 fatty acids added to treatment as usual for at risk mental states: the NAYAB study.","volume":"115","author":"Qurashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae186","article-title":"Effectiveness of Omega-3 fatty acids versus placebo in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis: the PURPOSE randomized clinical trial.","volume":"51","author":"Winter-Van Rossum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.08.030","article-title":"The NEURAPRO biomarker analysis: long-chain Omega-3 fatty acids improve 6-Month and 12-Month outcomes in youths at ultra-high risk for psychosis.","volume":"87","author":"Amminger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1220","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.190","article-title":"Omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and subsequent mood disorders in young people with at-risk mental states: a 7-year longitudinal study.","volume":"7","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02217-0","article-title":"Evidence that complement and coagulation proteins are mediating the clinical response to omega-3 fatty acids: a mass spectrometry-based investigation in subjects at clinical high-risk for psychosis.","volume":"12","author":"Susai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx021.042","article-title":"23. Omega-3 fatty acid versus placebo in a clinical high-risk sample from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Studies (NAPLS) Consortium.","volume":"43","author":"Cadenhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.09.022","article-title":"Metabolic abnormalities and low dietary Omega 3 are associated with symptom severity and worse functioning prior to the onset of psychosis: findings from the North American prodrome longitudinal studies consortium.","volume":"204","author":"Cadenhead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2016.03.010","article-title":"The association between polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption and the transition to psychosis in ultra-high risk individuals.","volume":"108","author":"Pawe\u0142czyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00764","article-title":"Preventive treatments for psychosis: umbrella review (Just the Evidence).","volume":"10","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120981392","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplements on psychopathology and metabolic parameters in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"35","author":"Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.1804","article-title":"The therapeutic effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on symptom severity of psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"67","author":"Rossier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07508-6","article-title":"Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the treatment of schizophrenia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4824","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094824","article-title":"Nutraceuticals in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review.","volume":"25","author":"Bozzatello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/104012371502700408","article-title":"A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acid augmentation in schizophrenia: possible stage-specific effects.","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"yae014","DOI":"10.1093\/IJNP\/PYAE014","article-title":"Network meta-analysis indicates superior effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in preventing the transition to psychosis in individuals at clinical high-risk.","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.5.407","article-title":"Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"56","author":"Stoll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.188.1.46","article-title":"Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study.","volume":"188","author":"Frangou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.056","article-title":"Double-Blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of Ethyl-eicosapentanoate in the treatment of bipolar depression and rapid cycling bipolar disorder.","volume":"60","author":"Keck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13037","article-title":"A 52-week prophylactic randomised control trial of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in bipolar disorder.","volume":"23","author":"McPhilemy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318266854c","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid treatment, with or without cytidine, fails to show therapeutic properties in bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized add-on clinical trial.","volume":"32","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13112","article-title":"Adjunctive dietary intervention for bipolar disorder: a randomized, controlled, parallel-group, modified double-blinded trial of a high n-3 plus low n-6 diet.","volume":"24","author":"Saunders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115633","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of relapse in patients with stable bipolar disorder: a 6-month pilot randomized controlled trial.","volume":"331","author":"Zailani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.182734","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 supplement in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder.","volume":"7","author":"Shakeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med."},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106067787","article-title":"Preliminary in vivo evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate following eicosapentanoic acid treatment in patients with bipolar disorder.","volume":"21","author":"Frangou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2025.101356","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in neurodegenerative disorders: mixed designs = mixed results.","volume":"100","author":"Dyall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res."},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2006.07.008","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: clinical and research considerations.","volume":"75","author":"Marangell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233728","article-title":"From food to mood: psychological and psychiatric impact of diet in bipolar disorder.","volume":"17","author":"Marano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00090","article-title":"Traditional self-reported dietary instruments are prone to inaccuracies and new approaches are needed.","volume":"7","author":"Ravelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dyaf065","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf065","article-title":"The relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: evidence from cohort and Mendelian randomization analyses.","volume":"54","author":"Crick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.10.081","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on endothelial function, arterial wall properties, inflammatory and fibrinolytic status in smokers: a cross over study.","volume":"166","author":"Siasos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786810382149","article-title":"The paradox of premature mortality in schizophrenia: new research questions.","volume":"24","author":"Wildgust","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.03.006","article-title":"Differential effects of antipsychotic medications on polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in rats: relationship with liver delta6-desaturase expression.","volume":"129","author":"McNamara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.08.010","article-title":"Red blood cell membrane essential fatty acid metabolism in early psychotic patients following antipsychotic drug treatment.","volume":"69","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.11.034","article-title":"Sub-chronic antipsychotic drug treatment does not alter brain phospholipid fatty acid composition in rats.","volume":"30","author":"Levant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M002469","article-title":"Lithium modifies brain arachidonic and docosahexaenoic metabolism in rat lipopolysaccharide model of neuroinflammation.","volume":"51","author":"Basselin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-7-69","article-title":"Drug-induced activation of SREBP-controlled lipogenic gene expression in CNS-related cell lines: marked differences between various antipsychotic drugs.","volume":"7","author":"Fern\u00f8","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25537","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.40.25537","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease expression of promoters with sterol regulatory elements by decreasing levels of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein.","volume":"273","author":"Worgall","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e661","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.161","article-title":"A potential mechanism underlying atypical antipsychotics-induced lipid disturbances.","volume":"5","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3907","article-title":"Association of Hydroxylmethyl Glutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors, L-Type calcium channel antagonists, and biguanides with rates of psychiatric hospitalization and self-harm in individuals with serious mental illness.","volume":"76","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.02.018","article-title":"Adjunctive therapy with statins in schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis and implications.","volume":"262","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.04.007","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of add-on naproxen, simvastatin and their combination for the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.","volume":"73","author":"Weiser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116945","article-title":"Lovastatin increases arachidonic acid levels and stimulates thromboxane synthesis in human liver and monocytic cell lines.","volume":"93","author":"Hrboticky","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46461-9","article-title":"Fatty acid desaturase 2 is up-regulated by the treatment with statin through geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate-dependent Rho kinase pathway in HepG2 cells.","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2022.102428","article-title":"Statin therapy upregulates arachidonic acid status via enhanced endogenous synthesis in patients with plaque psoriasis.","volume":"180","author":"Garshick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2004.06.001","article-title":"Statin treatment alters serum n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in hypercholesterolemic patients.","volume":"71","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001759","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.117.001759","article-title":"Statin effects on metabolic profiles.","volume":"10","author":"Kofink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet."},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.04.004","article-title":"Adjunctive celecoxib for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.","volume":"92","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt070","article-title":"Adjunctive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analytic investigation of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"39","author":"Nitta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030435","article-title":"Does administration of low-dose aspirin enhance the efficacy of psychotropic drugs in patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder?","volume":"19","author":"Stern","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500070","article-title":"Lipids under stress \u2013 a lipidomic approach for the study of mood disorders.","volume":"37","author":"Miranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioEssays."},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.07.017","article-title":"The plasma proteome and prognosis for psychiatric symptoms in psychosis: a focus on function, not factors.","volume":"121","author":"Westacott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1006-3","article-title":"Lipid profiles in schizophrenia associated with clinical traits: a five year follow-up study.","volume":"16","author":"Solberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1929742\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:48:49Z","timestamp":1789570129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1929742\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":275,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1929742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1929742","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"article-number":"1929742"}}