{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:18:20Z","timestamp":1787811500517,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20190304018YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190304018YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210401058YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210401058YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004032","name":"Jilin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Grifola frondosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an edible and medicinal mushroom rich in bioactive polysaccharides, but the relationships among molecular-weight distribution, compositional and linkage features, biological activity, and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      distribution remain incompletely characterized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Polysaccharides from\n                      <jats:italic>G. frondosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      were extracted, purified, and separated into three molecular-weight fractions: PP-1 (&amp;gt;10 kDa), PP-2 (1-10 kDa), and PP-3 (&amp;lt; 1 kDa). The fractions were characterized by total sugar, acidic sugar and protein contents, monosaccharide composition, apparent molecular-weight distribution, and methylation analysis. Their preliminary bioactivities were evaluated using S180, HepG2, and RAW 264.7 cell-based assays. PP-3 was subsequently labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate followed by iodination, and iodine content was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to evaluate its preliminary\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      distribution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the three fractions, PP-3 showed the highest sugar content and a relatively simple detected monosaccharide profile under the present Glc\/Gal-standard-based analysis, with methylation analysis suggesting abundant terminal Glcp residues and limited internal glucose linkages. PP-3 exhibited the strongest preliminary\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antiproliferative activity against S180 sarcoma and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells under the present screening conditions. It also enhanced RAW 264.7 macrophage proliferation and increased nitric oxide, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 production. The ICP-MS method showed good linearity, precision, stability, reproducibility, and recovery. After oral administration in rats, iodine-labeled PP-3-derived material showed limited systemic absorption, with the highest blood absorption rate observed at 2 h, and iodine signal was mainly detected in the liver and kidney.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Because ICP-MS detects iodine rather than the intact carbohydrate backbone, the biodistribution findings should be interpreted as preliminary tracer-based distribution data for iodine-labeled PP-3-derived material rather than a full pharmacokinetic profile of the native PP-3 fraction. Overall, this study identifies PP-3 as a low-molecular-weight carbohydrate\/oligosaccharide-rich fraction with the strongest preliminary\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      bioactivity among the tested\n                      <jats:italic>G. frondosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      fractions and provides an ICP-MS-based strategy for tracing iodine-labeled PP-3-derived material, supporting further investigation of mushroom-derived polysaccharide-derived fractions for functional-food and natural-product applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1930891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:34:39Z","timestamp":1787808879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular-weight fractionation, preliminary structural characterization, bioactivity, and ICP-MS-based biodistribution of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide-derived fractions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Traditional Medicine Division, Jilin Institute of Food and Drug Control","place":["Changchun, 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