{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:04:29Z","timestamp":1789452269441,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D has pleiotropic physiological roles including immune system regulation. Notably, there are links between vitamin D deficiency and risk of autoimmunity. Hormonal vitamin D binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to exert its genomic effects. In immune cells, these include regulation of activation, inflammatory responses, and cytokine production. However, vitamin D supplementation is not efficacious in treatment of existing autoimmune disease. Conversely, vitamin D intake during childhood is associated with reduced risk of developing autoimmune type 1 diabetes. This supports a prophylactic role for vitamin D during this early developmental period wherein T cells undergo maturation in the thymus; importantly, highly self-reactive thymocytes undergo apoptosis due to interactions with specialized antigen presenting cells. Central to this process is the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE), which induces ectopic expression tissue restricted antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells. Impaired AIRE function results in multiorgan autoimmunity in mice and humans. Vitamin D signaling regulates Aire expression and function in the mouse and, importantly, supports long-term thymic health by delaying aging-associated thymic involution. In humans, thymic aging is correlated with reduced na\u00efve T cell output, impaired response to infection and cancer, and increased risk of autoimmunity. Collectively, existing data suggest that vitamin D sufficiency throughout the lifespan may be important for generating a self-tolerant T cell repertoire through its effects on AIRE and during aging by delaying aging-associated thymic involution. However, little is known about the links between thymic longevity and vitamin D status in humans, which represents a substantial knowledge gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1961627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:35:28Z","timestamp":1789450528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D signaling in thymic development and longevity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Patricio","family":"Artusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, McGill University","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, McGill University","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1107-62","article-title":"Cell defenses and the sunshine vitamin.","volume":"297","author":"Tavera-Mendoza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci Am."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.860","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis d in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors.","volume":"85","author":"Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.146","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis d in developing countries-prevalence, risk factors and outcomes.","volume":"6","author":"Arabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0736","article-title":"Current vitamin d status in european and middle east countries and strategies to prevent vitamin d deficiency: a position statement of the european calcified tissue society.","volume":"180","author":"Lips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00126","article-title":"Skeletal and extraskeletal actions of vitamin d: current evidence and outstanding questions.","volume":"40","author":"Bouillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1656","article-title":"Inherited variation in vitamin d genes is associated with predisposition to autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes.","volume":"60","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001866","article-title":"Vitamin d and risk of multiple sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study.","volume":"12","author":"Mokry","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051233","article-title":"Vitamin d and immunity in infants and children.","volume":"12","author":"Mailhot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin d: metabolism. molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2024.100032","article-title":"Vitamin d and its analogs in immune system regulation.","volume":"77","author":"Artusa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7220","article-title":"Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase.","volume":"86","author":"Zehnder","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.004","article-title":"Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: case report and review.","volume":"8","author":"Bikle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09679-5","article-title":"Vitamin d, infections and immunity.","volume":"23","author":"Ismailova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","article-title":"Intake of vitamin d and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study.","volume":"358","author":"Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2017.11.008","article-title":"Signaling: mechanisms of initiation and propagation.","volume":"43","author":"Courtney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/334395a0","article-title":"T-cell antigen receptor genes and t-cell recognition.","volume":"334","author":"Davis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12622","article-title":"The t cell antigen receptor: the swiss army knife of the immune system.","volume":"181","author":"Attaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of the t cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don\u2019t see).","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.022","article-title":"T cell receptor cross-reactivity between similar foreign and self peptides influences naive cell population size and autoimmunity.","volume":"42","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.011","article-title":"T cell-positive selection uses self-ligand binding strength to optimize repertoire recognition of foreign antigens.","volume":"38","author":"Mandl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.07.007","article-title":"Revisiting thymic positive selection and the mature t cell repertoire for antigen.","volume":"41","author":"Vrisekoop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12646","article-title":"TCR tuning of t cell subsets.","volume":"283","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-082724-025403","article-title":"Cell receptor signaling and immune tolerance: from autoimmunity to cancer immunity.","volume":"44","author":"Tanaka","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.004","article-title":"Principles of regulatory t cell function.","volume":"56","author":"Dikiy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052320","article-title":"Thymic epithelial cells.","volume":"35","author":"Abramson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.212","article-title":"Thymus-specific deletion of insulin induces autoimmune diabetes.","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723532","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.723532","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy.","volume":"9","author":"Ferr\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958","article-title":"Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein.","volume":"298","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13671","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13671","article-title":"Age-related thymic involution: mechanisms and functional impact.","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-1-91","article-title":"A microassay for 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin d not requiring high performance liquid chromatography: application to clinical studies.","volume":"58","author":"Reinhardt","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711558105","article-title":"The vitamin d receptor is required for iNKT cell development.","volume":"105","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003444","article-title":"Intrinsic requirement for the vitamin d receptor in the development of CD8\u03b1\u03b1-expressing t cells.","volume":"186","author":"Bruce","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(84)90394-2","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin d3 inhibits selectively the mitogenic stimulation of mouse medullary thymocytes.","volume":"123","author":"Ravid","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300207","article-title":"Cutting edge: AIRE is a coactivator of the vitamin d receptor.","volume":"211","author":"Artusa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2400292","article-title":"Developmental vitamin d deficiency and the vitamin d receptor control hematopoiesis.","volume":"213","author":"Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadm9582","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adm9582","article-title":"Skewed epithelial cell differentiation and premature aging of the thymus in the absence of vitamin d signaling.","volume":"10","author":"Artusa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.11.2057","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo analysis of the immune system of vitamin D receptor knockout mice.","volume":"16","author":"Mathieu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.07.005","article-title":"The cellular mechanism of aire control of t cell tolerance.","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00313","article-title":"Human APECED; a sick thymus syndrome?","volume":"4","author":"Arstila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/89675","article-title":"The SAND domain structure defines a novel DNA-binding fold in transcriptional regulation.","volume":"8","author":"Bottomley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14011","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806616105","article-title":"Transcriptional impact of aire varies with cell type.","volume":"105","author":"Guerau-de-Arellano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1297-393","article-title":"Positional cloning of the APECED gene.","volume":"17","author":"Nagamine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913776117","article-title":"Chronic virus infection drives CD8 T cell-mediated thymic destruction and impaired negative selection.","volume":"117","author":"Elsaesser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaeb2970","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb2970","article-title":"Age-related thymic involution: mechanistic insights and rejuvenating approaches to restore immune function.","volume":"12","author":"Santamaria","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe.","volume":"186","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0059-4","article-title":"Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases.","volume":"14","author":"Franceschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503280102","article-title":"Cell intrinsic alterations underlie hematopoietic stem cell aging.","volume":"102","author":"Rossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00316","article-title":"The effect of age on thymic function.","volume":"4","author":"Palmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00646-4","article-title":"Immune ageing at single-cell resolution.","volume":"22","author":"Mogilenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601040103","article-title":"Thymic output in aged mice.","volume":"103","author":"Hale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/25374","article-title":"Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection.","volume":"396","author":"Douek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-010-9170-8","article-title":"Age-related deregulation of naive t cell homeostasis in elderly humans.","volume":"33","author":"Ferrando-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e158122","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI158122","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals age-related changes in the t cell receptor repertoire of human t cell subsets.","volume":"132","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071140","article-title":"Age-associated decline in t cell repertoire diversity leads to holes in the repertoire and impaired immunity to influenza virus.","volume":"205","author":"Yager","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.044","article-title":"Defects in antiviral t cell responses inflicted by aging-associated mir-181a deficiency.","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12384","article-title":"Reduced na\u00efve CD8(+) T-cell priming efficacy in elderly adults.","volume":"15","author":"Brice\u00f1o","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714478115","article-title":"Thymic involution and rising disease incidence with age.","volume":"115","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602005","article-title":"Physiologic thymic involution underlies age-dependent accumulation of senescence-associated CD4+ T cells.","volume":"199","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39269","article-title":"Evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood.","volume":"119","author":"Sauce","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302892","article-title":"Health consequences of thymus removal in adults.","volume":"389","author":"Kooshesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10242-y","article-title":"Thymic health consequences in adults.","volume":"652","author":"Bernatz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10243-x","article-title":"Thymic health and immunotherapy outcomes in patients with cancer.","volume":"652","author":"Bernatz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-026-00633-6","article-title":"Thymus health is a predictor of lifelong well-being and immunotherapy effectiveness.","volume":"652","author":"Anderson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4673","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4673","article-title":"Association between vitamin d supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"366","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1903","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1903","article-title":"Vitamin d and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies.","volume":"348","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106597","article-title":"Impact of vitamin d supplementation on all-cause mortality: randomized trials revisited.","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02359.x","article-title":"Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in older U.S. adults.","volume":"57","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1702","article-title":"Low vitamin D status is an independent predictor of increased frailty and all-cause mortality in older men: the Health in Men Study.","volume":"98","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302034","article-title":"Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.","volume":"104","author":"Garland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.30699\/jogcr.7.6.536","article-title":"Maternal vitamin d concentration in mid-pregnancy and its effect on fetal thymus size: a report from a tertiary center in iran.","volume":"7","author":"Panahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Obstet, Gynecol Cancer Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2016.0008","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy may affect fetal thymus development.","volume":"87","author":"Gur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.52764\/jms.24.32.1.11","article-title":"Effect of oral vitamin d3 on thymic index in malnourished children.","volume":"32","author":"Amir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13624","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13624","article-title":"Central tolerance is impaired in the middle-aged thymic environment.","volume":"21","author":"Lancaster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00990-3","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of human thymus and peripheral blood unveils the dynamics of T cell development and aging.","volume":"5","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Aging"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1961627\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:35:29Z","timestamp":1789450529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1961627\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1961627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1961627","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"article-number":"1961627"}}