{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:55:43Z","timestamp":1790931343616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global obesity epidemic has increased the burden of metabolic diseases. Dietary interventions are key to managing obesity and improving metabolic health. Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a promising chrononutritional intervention that may modulate metabolic metabolic homeostasis through timed eating\u2013fasting cycles. This review examines four main IF patterns:time-restricted feeding (TRF), alternate day fasting (ADF), the 5:2 fasting, and the 4:3 fasting, and evaluates their effects on body weight, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles. Furthermore, it delineates the mechanistic pathways through which IF confers metabolic benefits beyond caloric restriction alone: (1) alleviating insulin resistance by enhancing the intestinal mucosal barrier and upregulating GLP-1 expression suppressing endotoxemia-related inflammation; (2) restoring circadian rhythmicity in the expression of metabolism-related genes to correct metabolic dysregulation; (3) increasing energy expenditure and lipid oxidation via short-chain fatty acid-mediated browning of white adipose tissue (WAT); and (4) enhancing cellular autophagy through activation of the SIRT3\u2013AMPK\u2013mTOR signaling pathway, thereby improving overall metabolic function. Evidence supports IF as a potentially effective alternative for obesity and metabolic disorders through chronobiological mechanisms. However, potential adverse effects like hypoglycemia and adherence challenges highlight the need for individualized approaches in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1964828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1790930028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chrononutritional regulation of metabolic homeostasis: intermittent fasting through gut microbiota, circadian rhythms, and autophagy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengye","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiami","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEALTH BioMed Research & Development Center, Health BioMed Co. Ltd.","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-022-10061-3","article-title":"Obesity, cancer risk, and time-restricted eating","volume":"41","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091781","article-title":"Intermittent fasting versus continuous calorie restriction: which is better for weight loss?","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00335-z","article-title":"Intermittent fasting: from calories to time restriction","volume":"43","author":"Duregon","year":"2021","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000469","article-title":"Intermittent fasting in weight loss and Cardiometabolic risk reduction: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Chair","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)88204-7","article-title":"On starvation and obesity, with special reference to acidosis","volume":"21","author":"Folin","year":"1915","journal-title":"J. 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