{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:12:26Z","timestamp":1790140346196,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several epidemiological and pathological findings suggest that the female sex hormones may influence the development of meningiomas. However, the role of pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and fertilization therapies is still controversial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the surgical series of 354 patients with meningiomas operated between 2006 and 2019, the group of 72 premenopausal women was separately considered. The tumor location, WHO grade, Ki67-labeling index (LI), progesterone receptor (PR) expression, and histological types were studied in premenopausal women with and without hormone-related conditions were compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this premenopausal group, 24 patients had hormone-related conditions, including use of oral contraceptives in 16, intrauterine fertilization in one, pregnancy in three, and tumors of the female reproductive system in four. The group of patients with hormone-related conditions, as compared to that with no hormone related conditions, showed slightly lower median age (38 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 43 years) and no significant difference of meningioma location WHO grade, Ki 67-Li, PR expression and histological type. The clinical onset during pregnancy in three patients and tumor growth during contraceptive progesterone therapy in two others were evidenced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biological behavior of meningiomas and their pathological findings, including PR expression, are not correlated with the different hormone related conditions in premenopausal female patients. Contraceptives and fertilization therapies, mainly with progesterone, should be avoided in patients with meningiomas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.556701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T12:34:58Z","timestamp":1607690098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Meningiomas in Premenopausal Women: Role of the Hormone Related Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Maiuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mariniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Somma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia","family":"Guadagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Corvino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marialaura","family":"Del Basso De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0386-3","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma","volume":"99","author":"Wiemels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198112000-00009","article-title":"Specific estradiol binding in schwannomas, meningiomas, and neurofibromas","volume":"9","author":"Martuza","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(83)90104-0","article-title":"Estrogen and progesterone receptors in meningiomas in relation to clinical and pathologic features","volume":"20","author":"Markwalder","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.60.5.0985","article-title":"Estrogen and progesterone receptors in meningiomas","volume":"60","author":"Cahill","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(86)90255-7","article-title":"Estrogen and progesterone receptors in meningiomas","volume":"26","author":"Maiuri","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199308000-00005","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of female sex hormone receptors in meningiomas: correlation with clinical and histological features","volume":"33","author":"Brandis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9450-815","article-title":"The molecular biology of hormone and growth factor receptors in meningiomas","volume":"65","author":"Black","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1989.tb00456.x","article-title":"Neoplasms of the central nervous system in Norway. 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