{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:12:04Z","timestamp":1753891924272,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gaining knowledge of the neoplastic side of the three main cells\u2014B cells, Follicular Helper T (Tfh) cells, and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) \u2014involved in the germinal center (GC) reaction can shed light toward further understanding the microuniverse that is the GC, opening the possibility of better treatments. This paper gives a review of the more complex underlying mechanisms involved in the malignant transformations that take place in the GC. Whilst our understanding of the biology of the GC-related B cell lymphomas has increased\u2014this is not reviewed in detail here\u2014the dark side involving neoplasms of Tfh cells and FDCs are poorly studied, in great part, due to their low incidence. The aggressive behavior of Tfh lymphomas and the metastatic potential of FDCs sarcomas make them clinically relevant, merit further attention and are the main focus of this review. Tfh cells and FDCs malignancies can often be misdiagnosed. The better understanding of these entities linked to their molecular and genetic characterization will lead to prediction of high-risk patients, better diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments based on molecular profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.587809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T04:20:53Z","timestamp":1610684453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Germinal Center Cells Turning to the Dark Side: Neoplasms of B Cells, Follicular Helper T Cells, and Follicular Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rosario","family":"Mungu\u00eda-Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal Antonio","family":"Maqueda-Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rommel","family":"Chac\u00f3n-Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leopoldo","family":"Flores-Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Yam-Puc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90289-B","article-title":"Maturation of the immune response in germinal centers","volume":"67","author":"Berek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/354389a0","article-title":"Intraclonal generation of antibody mutants in germinal centres","volume":"354","author":"Jacob","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075032","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"30","author":"Victora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001001","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"12","author":"MacLennan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911113412007","article-title":"Cellular origin of human B-cell lymphomas","volume":"341","author":"Kuppers","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01446.x","article-title":"Insight into the origin and clonal history of B-cell tumors as revealed by analysis of immunoglobulin variable region genes","volume":"162","author":"Stevenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2217","article-title":"Germinal centres: role in B-cell physiology and malignancy","volume":"8","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241680","article-title":"T follicular helper cell dynamics in germinal centers","volume":"341","author":"Shulman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.10.032","article-title":"Germinal center dynamics revealed by multiphoton microscopy with a photoactivatable fluorescent reporter","volume":"143","author":"Victora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055605","article-title":"Follicular Helper T Cells","volume":"34","author":"Vinuesa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5373.96","article-title":"Visualization of specific B and T lymphocyte interactions in the lymph node","volume":"281","author":"Garside","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.5.1555","article-title":"In vivo CD40-gp39 interactions are essential for thymus-dependent humoral immunity. I","volume":"178","author":"Van den Eertwegh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2003.00058.x","article-title":"Extrafollicular antibody responses","volume":"194","author":"MacLennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.01.011","article-title":"Initial clonal expansion of germinal center B cells takes place at the perimeter of follicles","volume":"30","author":"Coffey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01327-9","article-title":"The dynamic structure of the germinal center","volume":"19","author":"Camacho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.04.012","article-title":"CD19 regulates B cell maturation, proliferation, and positive selection in the FDC zone of murine splenic germinal centers","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01084","article-title":"Base Excision Repair in the Immune System: Small DNA Lesions With Big Consequences","volume":"11","author":"Stratigopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(01)83004-9","article-title":"The occurrence and significance of V gene mutations in B cell-derived human malignancy","volume":"83","author":"Stevenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800396","article-title":"Evaluation of immunophenotype in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its impact on prognosis","volume":"18","author":"Berglund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055759","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"354","author":"Dave","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.085548","article-title":"Nature and importance of follicular lymphoma precursors","volume":"99","author":"Mamessier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12755","article-title":"Germinal center-derived lymphomas: The darkest side of humoral immunity","volume":"288","author":"Mlynarczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3814","article-title":"Germinal centres and B cell lymphomagenesis","volume":"15","author":"Basso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000437","article-title":"Precision medicine and lymphoma","volume":"25","author":"Heward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35000501","article-title":"Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling","volume":"403","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1282587","article-title":"Follicular lymphoma, a B cell malignancy addicted to epigenetic mutations","volume":"12","author":"Korfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-07-729954","article-title":"Recurrent somatic mutations affecting B-cell receptor signaling pathway genes in follicular lymphoma","volume":"129","author":"Krysiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-05-500264","article-title":"Mutations in linker histone genes HIST1H1 B, C, D, and E; OCT2 (POU2F2); IRF8; and ARID1A underlying the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.027","article-title":"Genetic and Functional Drivers of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"171","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1545","article-title":"Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray","volume":"103","author":"Hans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003535","article-title":"Targeted sequencing in DLBCL, molecular subtypes, and outcomes: a Haematological Malignancy Research Network report","volume":"135","author":"Lacy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0016-8","article-title":"Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Chapuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801445","article-title":"Genetics and Pathogenesis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"378","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07968","article-title":"Mutations of multiple genes cause deregulation of NF-kappaB in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"459","author":"Compagno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08638","article-title":"Chronic active B-cell-receptor signalling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"463","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153629","article-title":"Oncogenic CARD11 mutations in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"319","author":"Lenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804295105","article-title":"Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma arise by distinct genetic pathways","volume":"105","author":"Lenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09671","article-title":"Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma","volume":"470","author":"Ngo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63186","article-title":"Pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma","volume":"122","author":"Kridel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.7577","article-title":"Transformation of indolent B-cell lymphomas","volume":"29","author":"Montoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2018-0217-RA","article-title":"Follicular Lymphoma Diagnostic Caveats and Updates","volume":"142","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2019.09.010","article-title":"Pathology and diagnosis of follicular lymphoma and related entities","volume":"52","author":"Randall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404095","article-title":"Universal N-glycosylation sites introduced into the B-cell receptor of follicular lymphoma by somatic mutation: a second tumorigenic event","volume":"20","author":"McCann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-457283","article-title":"Hierarchy in somatic mutations arising during genomic evolution and progression of follicular lymphoma","volume":"121","author":"Green","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0814-6","article-title":"EZH2 abnormalities in lymphoid malignancies: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10351","article-title":"Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"476","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.9.2528.bloodjournal8592528","article-title":"Lymphoma-associated translocation t(14;18) in blood B cells of normal individuals","volume":"85","author":"Limpens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1589","article-title":"Mechanisms of B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Kuppers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3874430","article-title":"Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma","volume":"228","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11070915","article-title":"Targeting the Immune Microenvironment in Lymphomas of B-Cell Origin: From Biology to Clinical Application","volume":"11","author":"Mulder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.08.001","article-title":"The yin and the yang of follicular lymphoma cell niches: role of microenvironment heterogeneity and plasticity","volume":"24","author":"Ame-Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.019","article-title":"Plasmodium Infection Promotes Genomic Instability and AID-Dependent B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"162","author":"Robbiani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11378","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis and therapeutic targets from structural and functional genomics","volume":"490","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-415380","article-title":"Identification of human germinal center light and dark zone cells and their relationship to human B-cell lymphomas","volume":"120","author":"Victora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.06.012","article-title":"Synergy between PI3K signaling and MYC in Burkitt lymphomagenesis","volume":"22","author":"Sander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a014282","article-title":"Oncogenic mechanisms in Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Schmitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830010104","article-title":"The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten-protein conjugates. II. Cellular cooperation","volume":"1","author":"Mitchison","year":"1971","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.14.6550","article-title":"A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells","volume":"89","author":"Noelle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.8.1123","article-title":"In vivo-activated CD4 T cells upregulate CXC chemokine receptor 5 and reprogram their response to lymphoid chemokines","volume":"190","author":"Ansel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.9.4505","article-title":"T cells within germinal centers are specific for the immunizing antigen","volume":"151","author":"Fuller","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260825","article-title":"Sequential antigen-specific growth of T cells in the T zones and follicles in response to pigeon cytochrome c","volume":"26","author":"Gulbranson-Judge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07345","article-title":"SAP-controlled T-B cell interactions underlie germinal centre formation","volume":"455","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.3.1083","article-title":"T helper cells in murine germinal centers are antigen-specific emigrants that downregulate Thy-1","volume":"184","author":"Zheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004","article-title":"T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease","volume":"41","author":"Crotty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.002","article-title":"T follicular helper cells have distinct modes of migration and molecular signatures in naive and memory immune responses","volume":"42","author":"Suan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2010.07.001","article-title":"The elusive identity of T follicular helper cells","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.024","article-title":"Germinal center B cell and T follicular helper cell development initiates in the interfollicular zone","volume":"34","author":"Kerfoot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.025","article-title":"Bcl6 protein expression shapes pre-germinal center B cell dynamics and follicular helper T cell heterogeneity","volume":"34","author":"Kitano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102065","article-title":"B cell priming for extrafollicular antibody responses requires Bcl-6 expression by T cells","volume":"208","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000474","article-title":"New insights in the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphomas","volume":"30","author":"Lemonnier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.37.3647","article-title":"Clinicopathologic characteristics of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: analysis of the international peripheral T-cell lymphoma project","volume":"31","author":"Federico","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-09-692541","article-title":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: the many-faced lymphoma","volume":"129","author":"Lunning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.08003.x","article-title":"Advances in the understanding and management of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"148","author":"de Leval","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.17019","article-title":"Recent Progress in the Understanding of Angioimmunoblastic T-cell Lymphoma","volume":"57","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hematop"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-643569","article-title":"The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"127","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-531509","article-title":"A targeted mutational landscape of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"Odejide","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2873","article-title":"Recurrent mutations in epigenetic regulators, RHOA and FYN kinase in peripheral T cell lymphomas","volume":"46","author":"Palomero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2872","article-title":"Somatic RHOA mutation in angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma","volume":"46","author":"Sakata-Yanagimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-391748","article-title":"IDH2 mutations are frequent in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"119","author":"Cairns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-05-644591","article-title":"IDH2R172 mutations define a unique subgroup of patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1111708","article-title":"TET2 and DNMT3A mutations in human T-cell lymphoma","volume":"366","author":"Couronne","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-02-698977","article-title":"Activating mutations in genes related to TCR signaling in angioimmunoblastic and other follicular helper T-cell-derived lymphomas","volume":"128","author":"Vallois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2916","article-title":"A recurrent inactivating mutation in RHOA GTPase in angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma","volume":"46","author":"Yoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12941","article-title":"Follicular helper T-cells: expanding roles in T-cell lymphoma and targets for treatment","volume":"166","author":"Ahearne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.12422","article-title":"Angioimmunoblastic T Cell lymphoma mimics reactive lymphoid tissue on cytomorphology: A multimodality approach utilising cytology, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry to resolve this diagnostic dilemma","volume":"28","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2018.05.006","article-title":"Nodal T-cell lymphomas with a T-follicular helper cell phenotype","volume":"24","author":"Attygalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn Histopathol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.158428","article-title":"Integrative clinicopathological and molecular analyses of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and other nodal lymphomas of follicular helper T-cell origin","volume":"102","author":"Dobay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404045","article-title":"Novel t(5;9)(q33;q22) fuses ITK to SYK in unspecified peripheral T-cell lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Streubel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.87_2630","article-title":"Clinicopathological differences of nodal ptcl with tfh phenotype from aitl and ptcl, nos, and detection of prognostic marker of nodal ptcl with tfh phenotype","volume-title":"15th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011","article-title":"T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: A Decade of Discovery and Diseases","volume":"50","author":"Crotty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-06-227579","article-title":"Molecular signatures to improve diagnosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma and prognostication in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"115","author":"Iqbal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100150","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell depletion in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"177","author":"Bruneau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.11.001","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cells: origin, phenotype, and function in health and disease","volume":"35","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.77.1.148","article-title":"Anatomy of germinal centers in mouse spleen, with special reference to \u201cfollicular dendritic cells\u201d","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2016.05.002","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cells and related sarcoma","volume":"33","author":"Facchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.3.1349","article-title":"Isolated follicular dendritic cells: cytochemical antigen localization, Nomarski, SEM, and TEM morphology","volume":"134","author":"Szakal","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040765","article-title":"Characterizing follicular dendritic cells: A progress report","volume":"40","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.12.001","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell networks of primary follicles and germinal centers: phenotype and function","volume":"20","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270830","article-title":"Lymphotoxin but not tumor necrosis factor functions to maintain splenic architecture and humoral responsiveness in adult mice","volume":"27","author":"Mackay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115719","article-title":"Network communications: lymphotoxins, LIGHT, and TNF","author":"Ware","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.002","article-title":"Regulation of humoral immunity by complement","volume":"37","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20132409","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origin and dynamics of lymph node follicular dendritic cells","volume":"211","author":"Jarjour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.032","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cells emerge from ubiquitous perivascular precursors","volume":"150","author":"Krautler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2014-0374-RS","article-title":"Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma","volume":"140","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12057","article-title":"Inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the spleen: a report of six cases with increased IgG4-positive plasma cells","volume":"63","author":"Choe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP7U8YISBUAVNW","article-title":"Extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the pharyngeal region: a potential diagnostic pitfall, with literature review","volume":"133","author":"Duan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B107","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell tumor: review of the entity","volume":"15","author":"Perez-Ordonez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.7932","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and associated myasthenia gravis: true, true, related","volume":"29","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70468-8","article-title":"Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with follicular dendritic cell sarcoma arising from Castleman\u2019s tumor","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03444.x","article-title":"Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with follicular dendritic cell sarcoma without Castleman\u2019s disease; treatment with rituximab","volume":"47","author":"Meijs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2013.05.006","article-title":"Dendritic cell sarcoma: a pooled analysis including 462 cases with presentation of our case series","volume":"88","author":"Saygin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970115)79:2<294::AID-CNCR13>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. Clinicopathologic analysis of 17 cases suggesting a malignant potential higher than currently recognized","volume":"79","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20852","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: a report of 14 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"82","author":"Soriano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000112536.76973.7f","article-title":"Clusterin expression distinguishes follicular dendritic cell tumors from other dendritic cell neoplasms: report of a novel follicular dendritic cell marker and clinicopathologic data on 12 additional follicular dendritic cell tumors and 6 additional interdigitating dendritic cell tumors","volume":"28","author":"Grogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800294","article-title":"A survey of clusterin and fascin expression in sarcomas and spindle cell neoplasms: strong clusterin immunostaining is highly specific for follicular dendritic cell tumor","volume":"18","author":"Grogg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/7P8U659JBJCV6EEU","article-title":"Podoplanin (D2-40) is a novel marker for follicular dendritic cell tumors","volume":"128","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0231-4","article-title":"Extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: clinical, pathologic, and histogenetic characteristics of an underrecognized disease entity","volume":"449","author":"Shia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199608000-00003","article-title":"Follicular dendritic cell tumor: report of 13 additional cases of a distinctive entity","volume":"20","author":"Perez-Ordonez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0301","article-title":"Distinctive Histogenesis and Immunological Microenvironment Based on Transcriptional Profiles of Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcomas","volume":"15","author":"Laginestra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13058","article-title":"High frequency of clonal IG and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2002.01418.x","article-title":"Tumours of histiocytes and accessory dendritic cells: an immunohistochemical approach to classification from the International Lymphoma Study Group based on 61 cases","volume":"41","author":"Pileri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histopathology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.587809\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T19:17:56Z","timestamp":1697570276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.587809\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2020.587809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.587809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2234-943X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"article-number":"587809"}}