{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T13:09:39Z","timestamp":1767964179342,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007316","name":"Klaus Tschira Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>An accurate delineation of the intraprostatic gross tumor volume (GTV) is of importance for focal treatment in patients with primary prostate cancer (PCa). Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is the standard of care for lesion detection but has been shown to underestimate GTV. This study investigated how far the GTV has to be expanded in MRI in order to reach concordance with the histopathological reference and whether this strategy is practicable in clinical routine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-two patients with planned prostatectomy and preceded 3 Tesla mpMRI were prospectively examined. After surgery, PCa contours delineated on histopathological slides (GTV-Histo) were superimposed on MRI using <jats:italic>ex-vivo<\/jats:italic> imaging as support for co-registration. According to the PI-RADSv2 classification, GTV was manually delineated in MRI (GTV-MRI) by two experts in consensus. For volumetric analysis, we compared GTV-MRI and GTV-Histo. Subsequently, we isotropically enlarged GTV-MRI in 1\u00a0mm increments within the prostate and also compared those with GTV-Histo regarding the absolute volumes. For evaluating the spatial accuracy, we considered the coverage ratio of GTV-Histo, the S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient (DSC), as well as the contact with the urethra.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 19 of 22 patients MRI underestimated the intraprostatic tumor volume compared to histopathological reference: median GTV-Histo (4.7 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, IQR: 2.5\u201318.8) was significantly (p&amp;lt;0.001) lager than median GTV-MRI (2.6 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, IQR: 1.2\u20136.9). A median expansion of 1\u00a0mm (range: 0\u20134 mm) adjusted the initial GTV-MRI to at least the volume of GTV-Histo (GTV<jats:sup>exp<\/jats:sup>-MRI). Original GTV-MRI and expansion with 1, 2, 3, and 4\u00a0mm covered in median 39% (IQR: 2%\u201378%), 62% (10%\u201391%), 70% (15%\u201395%), 80% (21\u2013100), 87% (25%\u2013100%) of GTV-Histo, respectively. Best DSC (median: 0.54) between GTV-Histo and GTV-MRI was achieved by median expansion of 2\u00a0mm. The urethra was covered by initial GTVs-MRI in eight patients (36%). After applying an expansion with 2\u00a0mm the urethra was covered in one more patient by GTV-MRI. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using histopathology as reference, we demonstrated that MRI underestimates intraprostatic tumor volume. A 2 mm\u2013expansion may improve accurate GTV-delineation while respecting the balance between histological tumor coverage and overtreatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.596756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T07:38:57Z","timestamp":1606117137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Isotropic Expansion of the Intraprostatic Gross Tumor Volume of Primary Prostate Cancer Patients Defined in MRI\u2014A Correlation Study With Whole Mount Histopathological Information as Reference"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon K. 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