{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:45:31Z","timestamp":1780451131904,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow cytometry has a crucial role in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal disease in onco-hematology. This report describes the flow cytometry characterization of 138 CSF samples from patients affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma, negative for disease infiltration. The aim was to focus on the CSF non-neoplastic population, to compare the cellular composition of the CSF with paired peripheral blood samples and to document the feasibility of flow cytometry in hypocellular samples. Despite the extremely low cell count (1 cell\/\u00b5l, range 1.0\u201335) the study was successfully conducted in 95% of the samples. T lymphocytes were the most abundant subset in CSF (77%; range 20\u2013100%) with a predominance of CD4-positive over CD8-positive T cells (CD4\/CD8 ratio = 2) together with a minority of monocytes (15%; range 0\u201370%). No B cells were identified in 90% of samples. Of relevance, a normal, non-clonal B-cell population was documented in 5\/7 (71%) patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma at diagnosis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.0001), suggesting a possible involvement of blood-brain barrier cell permeability in the pathogenesis of cerebral B-cell lymphomas. The highly significant differences between CSF and paired peripheral blood lymphoid phenotype (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.0001) confirms the existence of an active mechanism of lymphoid migration through the meninges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.685786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T22:27:30Z","timestamp":1622759250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Major Differences in Lymphocyte Subpopulations Between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Peripheral Blood in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Without Leptomeningeal Involvement: Flow Cytometry Evidence of a Cerebral Lymphatic System"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Iole","family":"Cordone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Giannarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Telera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"de Fabritiis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mengarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2009.05.005","article-title":"Diagnostic Tools for Neoplastic Meningitis: Detecting Disease, Identifying Patient Risk, and Determining Benefit of Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811161-1.00013-X","article-title":"Leptomeningeal Metastasis","volume":"149","author":"Taillibert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-05-1982","article-title":"High Incidence of Occult Leptomeningeal Disease Detected by Flow Cytometry in Newly Diagnosed Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas At Risk for Central Nervous System Involvement: The Role of Flow Cytometry Versus Cytology","volume":"105","author":"Hegde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-120535","article-title":"Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping for Hematologic Neoplasms","volume":"111","author":"Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2007.12.016","article-title":"Critical Role of Multidimensional Flow Cytometry in Detecting Occult Leptomeningeal Disease in Newly Diagnosed Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"32","author":"Di Noto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leukemia Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.7089","article-title":"Et Al, Spanish Group for the Study of CNS Disease in NHL (2009). 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