{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T16:30:31Z","timestamp":1756571431020,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the clinical importance of immunotherapy has been demonstrated in the treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). However, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown to cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including autoimmune encephalitis. Here, we describe th treatment of a patient with ES-SCLC who developed immune-related encephalitis. A 68-year-old Japanese woman with ES-SCLC treated with carboplatin plus etoposide plus durvalumab 20 days earlier was admitted to our hospital with a high fever and anorexia. Her symptoms gradually worsened over time, and she had a headache daily and showed reduced levels of consciousness. An electroencephalogram showed diffuse slow waves, and there was a slight increase in cell counts and an increase in protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. The patient was diagnosed with durvalumab-associated encephalitis. Her symptoms improved immediately after steroid pulse therapy. Following steroid pulse therapy, oral prednisolone (1 mg\/kg) was administered, and then, the dose was gradually reduced. Subsequently, treatment with carboplatin plus etoposide without durvalumab was restarted. In conclusion, this study shows the efficacy of steroid therapy in the treatment of durvalumab-induced encephalitis in ES-SCLC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.693279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T06:56:14Z","timestamp":1624517774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Case Report: Durvalumab-Associated Encephalitis in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Shionoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akito","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Hanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michihiro","family":"Fujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2419","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer","volume":"85","author":"Barta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32222-6","article-title":"Durvalumab Plus Platinum-Etoposide Versus Platinum-Etoposide in First-Line Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer (Caspian): A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"394","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0487","article-title":"Neurologic Serious Adverse Events Associated With Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab or Nivolumab Alone in Advanced Melanoma, Including a Case Series of Encephalitis","volume":"22","author":"Larkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2020.03.006","article-title":"Immune-Related Encephalitis in Two Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor","volume":"21","author":"Robert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-020-02411-y","article-title":"Atezolizumab-Associated Encephalitis in Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2018.12.001","article-title":"Atezolizumab-Induced Encephalitis in Metastatic Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"14","author":"Arakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"X18792422","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X18792422","article-title":"Atezolizumab-Related Encephalitis in the Intensive Care Unit: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"6","author":"Laserna","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2019.10.021","article-title":"Safety and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Atezolizumab, Carboplatin, and Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer (IMpower133): A Randomized Phase I\/III Trial","volume":"31","author":"Mansfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03687-2","article-title":"Neuroimmunological Adverse Events Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor: A Retrospective, Pharmacovigilance Study Using FAERS Database","volume":"152","author":"Mikami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011297","article-title":"Bilateral Thalamic Lesions Associated With Atezolizumab-Induced Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"96","author":"Nishijima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-021-03695-w","article-title":"Neurotoxicities Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"152","author":"Duong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w20377","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20377","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy-Associated Encephalitis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature","volume":"150","author":"Stuby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03136","article-title":"Updated Analysis From KEYNOTE-189: Pembrolizumab or Placebo Plus Pemetrexed and Platinum for Previously Untreated Metastatic Nonsquamous Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Gadgeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32517-X","article-title":"Atezolizumab Versus Docetaxel in Patients With Previously Treated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (OAK): A Phase 3, Open-Label, Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"389","author":"Rittmeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.01.004","article-title":"Atezolizumab in Japanese Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Subgroup Analysis of the Phase 3 OAK Study","volume":"19","author":"Hida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30167-6","article-title":"Atezolizumab in Combination With Carboplatin Plus Nab-Paclitaxel Chemotherapy Compared With Chemotherapy Alone as First-Line Treatment for Metastatic non-Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (Impower130): A Multicentre, Randomised, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"20","author":"West","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.11.025","article-title":"Atezolizumab Plus Chemotherapy for First-Line Treatment of Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results From the Randomized Phase III IMpower132 Trial","volume":"16","author":"Nishio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716948","article-title":"Atezolizumab for First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Nonsquamous NSCLC","volume":"378","author":"Socinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12249","article-title":"Limbic Encephalitis: A Clinical-Radiological Comparison Between Herpetic and Autoimmune Etiologies","volume":"20","author":"Oyanguren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.693279\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T06:56:16Z","timestamp":1624517776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.693279\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2021.693279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.693279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2234-943X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"article-number":"693279"}}