{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:04:20Z","timestamp":1789419860872,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytology from gastrointestinal (GI) cancers is frequently obtained from ascites and peritoneal washing fluids. Examination of ascites and peritoneal washing fluids from patients with GI cancers can help in the tumor staging and prognosis. Tumor-derived DNA in these cytology samples can be a target for next generation sequencing (NGS). Targeted NGS was evaluated in ascites and peritoneal washing samples obtained from 33 patients with GI cancers. These sequences were compared with those from tumor tissue samples, and correlated with cytopathologic findings of the ascites and peritoneal fluid samples. The correlation between fluid and tissue genotyping results was 25%, with a sensitivity of 21.43%. The volume of tumor contained within the fluid samples was low, ranging from ~0 to 10%. Importantly, the sensitivity of detection of somatic mutations in the fluid samples could be increased to 69.2% by assessing samples containing &amp;gt;2% tumor volume. Evaluation of cells from ascitic fluid showed the presence of KRAS, TP53, and CDH1 mutations in 33, 13, and 7%, respectively, of patients with pancreatic cancer, and the presence of KRAS, TP53, and APC mutations in 25, 12, and 13%, respectively, of patients with gastric cancer. Ascites of one of the latter patients acquired KRAS mutation, which was a novel mutation during metastasis. Targeted NGS of ascites and peritoneal washing fluid have clinical implications, as well as limitations, in patients with GI cancers. NGS-based cytology examination may expand cytomolecular practices in GI cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.712754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T10:55:15Z","timestamp":1626346515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Targeted Sequencing of Ascites and Peritoneal Washing Fluid of Patients With Gastrointestinal Cancers and Their Clinical Applications and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Go Eun","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Man","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Kyung","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-006-0402-7","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Peritoneal Washing Cytology in Thai Patients With Gastric Adenocarcinoma Undergoing Curative D2 Gastrectomy","volume":"10","author":"Euanorasetr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl499","article-title":"Pattern and Prognostic Factors in Patients With Malignant Ascites: A Retrospective Study","volume":"18","author":"Ayantunde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7727\/wimj.2014.230","article-title":"Ascites in Ovarian Carcinoma - Reliability and Limitations of Cytological Analysis","volume":"64","author":"\u017divadinovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700110","article-title":"How to Increase the Diagnostic Value of Malignancy-Related Ascites: Discriminative Ability of the Ascitic Tumour Markers","volume":"37","author":"Tuzun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30865-8","article-title":"Evaluation of Tumor Markers for the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Ascites","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annal Hepatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.06.005","article-title":"Non-Blood Sources of Cell-Free DNA for Cancer Molecular Profiling in Clinical Pathology and Oncology","volume":"141","author":"Ponti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.14","article-title":"Integrating Liquid Biopsies Into the Management of Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Siravegna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1222","article-title":"ClinVar: Public Archive of Interpretations of Clinically Relevant Variants","volume":"44","author":"Landrum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6042296","article-title":"Next-Generation Sequencing in Clinical Oncology: Next Steps Towards Clinical Validation","volume":"6","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.604772","article-title":"Serum-Based KRASG12\/G13 Mutation Detection Using Droplet Digital PCR: Clinical Implications and Limitations in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma With Tumor Heterogeneity","volume":"10","author":"Yeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01601-2","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy and Tumor Heterogeneity in Metastatic Solid Tumors: The Potentiality of Blood Samples","volume":"39","author":"Russano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2017-204370","article-title":"There is Still a Role for Cytology in the 'Liquid Biopsy' Era. 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