{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:38:34Z","timestamp":1784752714311,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-75-10060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-75-10060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study assessed the possibility of dividing patients into groups based on the assessment of morphological changes in the epithelium of small-caliber bronchi located near the primary tumor in order to predict high and low risks of distant metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 171 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (T<jats:sub>1-4<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>0-3<\/jats:sub>M<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) in small-caliber bronchi taken at a distance of 3\u20135 cm from the tumor, various variants of morphological changes in the bronchial epithelium (basal cell hyperplasia (BCH), squamous cell metaplasia (SM), and dysplasia (D)) were assessed. Long-term results of treatment, namely, distant metastasis, were assessed after 2 and 5 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the follow-up period, distant metastases were found in 35.1% (60\/171) of patients. Most often, they were observed in patients of the high-risk group: BCH+SM\u2212D\u2212 (51.6%, 40\/95) and BCH\u2212SM+D+ (54.4%, 6\/11). Less often, distant metastases were observed in low-risk group patients: BCH+SM+D\u2212 (6.7%, 3\/45) and BCH\u2212SM\u2212D\u2212 (10.0%, 2\/20). Tumor size, grade, and stage were significant predictors of metastasis only in the high-risk group. The 5-year metastasis-free survival was better in the low-risk group of distant metastases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Isolated BCH or dysplasia in small bronchi distant from foci of tumor is associated with a high-risk distant metastasis and less 5-year metastasis-free survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.771802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T08:05:19Z","timestamp":1636531519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Premalignant Changes in the Bronchial Epithelium Are Prognostic Factors of Distant Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Pankova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liubov 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