{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:23:36Z","timestamp":1790245416540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pineal gland tumors are exceedingly rare and account for 0.4-1.0% of brain neoplasms. Their rarity has confounded a clear understanding of the prognostic factors and standards of care for these neoplasms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence, prognostic indicators, and survival trend of tumors emanating from the pineal gland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We accessed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results (SEER) Program for pineal gland tumors from 1975-2016. A multivariate Cox regression model was used to investigate the impact of clinicopathological parameters on all-cause mortality. For survival trend analysis, we employed the Kaplan Meier curve and pairwise comparisons to examine the trend.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found 1,792 and 310,003 pineal gland and brain neoplasms during 1975-2016 resulting in an incidence of 0.6%. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, older age, male gender, non-germ cell tumor, and receipt of chemotherapy were significantly associated with poor survival (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). The extent of resection and radiotherapy administration did not produce survival advantages. Our result also highlighted an increased survival of pineal gland tumors over the years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study investigated the prognostic factors that influenced survival in patients with pineal gland tumors. Chemotherapy use adversely affected patient outcomes and should be considered carefully in specific circumstances to avoid its harmful effects. These findings provide important evidence to improve current standards of care for this rare group of tumors. The survival of pineal tumors has improved over time reflecting improvements in current practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.780173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T05:12:17Z","timestamp":1637298737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Incidence, Prognostic Factors, and Survival Trend in Pineal Gland Tumors: A Population-Based Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huy Gia","family":"Vuong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam N. M.","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian F.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9881-9","article-title":"Pineal Gland Tumors: Experience From the SEER Database","volume":"94","author":"Al-Hussaini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012\u20132016","volume":"21","author":"Ostrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor070","article-title":"Genome-Wide Molecular Characterization of Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor and Pineoblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.11904","article-title":"Mutations of the TERT Promoter Are Associated With Aggressiveness and Recurrence\/Distant Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00242.x","article-title":"Pineal Parenchymal Tumors: A Correlation of Histological Features With Prognosis in 66 Cases","volume":"10","author":"Jouvet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nop029","article-title":"Descriptive Epidemiology of Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: Nonpineal Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Villano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2000-0312","article-title":"Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors","volume":"5","author":"Packer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-004-0959-3","article-title":"Prognosis-Related Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Markers in Central Nervous System Tumors of Childhood and Adolescence","volume":"109","author":"Rickert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now105","article-title":"Histopathologic Review of Pineal Parenchymal Tumors Identifies Novel Morphologic Subtypes and Prognostic Factors for Outcome","volume":"19","author":"Raleigh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1844-4","article-title":"A Surgical Technique to Expand the Operative Corridor for Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approaches: Technical Note","volume":"155","author":"Rey-Dios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.JNS142088","article-title":"Lateral Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approach for Microsurgical Resection of Large Midline Pineal Region Tumors: Techniques to Expand the Operative Corridor","volume":"124","author":"Kulwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000350898.68212.AB","article-title":"Occipital Transtentorial Approach to the Precentral Cerebellar Fissure and Posterior Incisural Space","volume":"65","author":"Moshel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.2.0245","article-title":"Efficacy of Neuroendoscopic Procedures in Minimally Invasive Preferential Management of Pineal Region Tumors: A Prospective Study","volume":"93","author":"Oi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx038","article-title":"A Single-Institution Experience With Pineal Region Tumors: 50 Tumors Over 1 Decade","volume":"13","author":"Abecassis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.169","article-title":"Extent of Resection and Long-Term Survival of Pineal Region Tumors in Helsinki Neurosurgery","volume":"131","author":"Choque-Velasquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa023","article-title":"Patterns of Care and Age-Specific Impact of Extent of Resection and Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Pediatric Pineoblastoma","volume":"86","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00067-9","article-title":"Radiation Therapy for Primary Intracranial Germ-Cell Tumors","volume":"32","author":"Wolden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(95)01649-X","article-title":"Radiotherapy of Intracranial Germinomas","volume":"38","author":"Huh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(94)90162-7","article-title":"Radiation Therapy of Pineal Region Tumors: 25 New Cases and a Review of 208 Previously Reported Cases","volume":"28","author":"Fuller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-5-122","article-title":"Long Term Outcome of Adolescent and Adult Patients With Pineal Parenchymal Tumors Treated With Fractionated Radiotherapy Between 1982 and 2003\u2013A Single Institution\u2019s Experience","volume":"5","author":"Stoiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos292","article-title":"Treatment of Young Children With CNS-Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors\/Pineoblastomas in the Prospective Multicenter Trial HIT 2000 Using Different Chemotherapy Regimens and Radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Friedrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.780173\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T05:12:20Z","timestamp":1637298740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.780173\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2021.780173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.780173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"article-number":"780173"}}