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Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydrometra is a common gynecological disease, especially in postmenopausal women. However, its epidemiology, harmfulness, and value in predicting gynecological tumors have not been clearly elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, the prevalence rate of and risk factors for hydrometra were investigated in 3,903 women who underwent screening for gynecological diseases at Zhoupu Hospital in Shanghai from 1 January to 31 December 2021. In addition, pathological distribution of hydrometra and its predictive value in gynecological tumors were studied in another 186 patients in whom hydrometra was diagnosed sonographically at Zhoupu Hospital, from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021, and who underwent hysteroscopy and postoperative pathological examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observed prevalence rate of hydrometra was 10.86%, which was higher than the prevalence of other gynecological diseases. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that advanced age (OR 1.11) and vaginitis (OR 3.18) were independent risk factors for hydrometra. Among 186 patients with a sonographic diagnosis of uterine fluid, simple hydrometra accounted for 34.41% of cases, inflammation accounted for 16.23%, and hematometra accounted for 2.15%, while gynecological tumors accounted for 5.91%. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that a higher body mass index (&amp;gt;23.92 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), greater hydrometra volume (i.e., distance between the two layers of endometrium&amp;gt;4.75 mm), and abnormal vaginal bleeding were high-risk predictive factors for gynecological tumors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, hydrometra is a common disease, and is a risk factor for endometrial cancer and cervical cancer, especially in patients with higher hydrometra volume, higher BMI, and abnormal vaginal bleeding. It is necessary to pay more attention to hydrometra.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1028886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T18:23:08Z","timestamp":1672942988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epidemiological analysis of hydrometra and its predictive value in gynecological tumors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jianfa","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suqin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697139809085555","article-title":"Asymptomatic postmenopausal intrauterine fluid accumulation: characterization and significance","volume":"1","author":"Bar-Hava","year":"1998","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6118\/jmm.20021","article-title":"A rare case of idiopathic pyometra in a premenopausal patient","volume":"26","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Menopausal Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/turkjsurg.2017.3203","article-title":"Spontaneous perforation of pyometra: A rare cause of acute abdomen and sepsis","volume":"34","author":"Balas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk J Surg"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Effect of tamoxifen on postmenopausal endometrium","volume":"34","author":"Kalampokas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.2.351","article-title":"Fluid accumulation within the uterine cavity reduces pregnancy rates in women undergoing IVF","volume":"17","author":"Chien","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01131707","article-title":"Fluid accumulation of the uterine cavity before embryo transfer: a possible hindrance for implantation","volume":"8","author":"Mansour","year":"1991","journal-title":"J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.01.040","article-title":"Abnormally up-regulated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expression and uterine fluid accumulation contribute to chlamydia trachomatis-induced female infertility","volume":"93","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3245-1","article-title":"Transient intrauterine fluid accumulation not due to hydrosalpinx or any identifiable pelvic pathology is not detrimental to IVF outcome","volume":"290","author":"Mehtap Polat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-015-0416-y","article-title":"Primary fallopian tube carcinoma: review of MR imaging findings","volume":"6","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13959","article-title":"A patient from zhejiang, China, with synchronous mucinous metaplasia and neoplasms of the female genital tract: A case report","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":". 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