{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T23:23:35Z","timestamp":1774567415491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancers of the breast (post-menopausal), and other obesity-related cancers. Over the past 50 years, the worldwide prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome has increased, with a concomitant higher incidence of associated co-morbidities and mortality. The precise mechanism linking metabolic syndrome to increased cancer incidence is incompletely understood, however, individual components of metabolic syndrome have been linked to increased breast cancer incidence and worse survival. There is a bidirectional relationship between the risk of CVD and cancer due to a high burden of shared risk factors and higher rates of CVD among cancer survivors, which may be impacted by the pro-inflammatory microenvironment associated with metabolic syndrome and cancer-directed therapies. The Women\u2019s Health Initiative (WHI) is an excellent resource to study a dual relationship between cancer and CVD (cardio-oncology) with extensive information on risk factors and long-term outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of research on cardio-oncology conducted utilizing WHI data with focus on studies evaluating both breast cancer and CVD including shared risk factors and outcomes after cancer. The review also includes results on other obesity related cancers which were included in the analyses of breast cancer, articles looking at cancer after heart disease (reverse cardio-oncology) and the role of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) as a shared risk factor between CVD and cancer. A summary of pertinent WHI literature helps to delineate the direction of future research evaluating the relationship between CVD and other cancer sites, and provides information on the opportunity for other novel analyses within the WHI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1039246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T13:29:18Z","timestamp":1679405358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A review of research on the intersection between breast cancer and cardiovascular research in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative (WHI)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sreejata","family":"Raychaudhuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Dieli-Conwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Barac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerryn W.","family":"Reding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexi","family":"Vasbinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidhya","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinkal","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Obesity and Overweight"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017\u20132018","volume-title":"NCHS Data Brief, no 360","author":"Hales","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","article-title":"Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity","volume":"381","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.01.139","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the united states 2007\u20132014","volume":"259","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Obesity Rates Continue to Rise Among Adults in the US\n            SimonS\n          American Cancer Society2018"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0336","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Esposito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0501-4","article-title":"Risk of breast, endometrial, colorectal, and renal cancers in postmenopausal women in association with a body shape index and other anthropometric measures.","volume":"26","author":"Kabat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000435","article-title":"Serum glucose and insulin and risk of cancers of the breast, endometrium, and ovary in postmenopausal women","volume":"27","author":"Kabat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1034","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of non-hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"31","author":"Mitri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-021-00110-1","article-title":"A new classification of cardio-oncology syndromes","volume":"7","author":"de Boer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cncr.33295","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33295","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk factors and survival after cancer in the women\u2019s health initiative","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31230","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk factors and survival after breast cancer in the women\u2019s health initiative","volume":"124","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2016-134417","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in cancer survivors","volume":"93","author":"Okwuosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021067","article-title":"Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women","volume":"347","author":"Manson","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.10.1331","article-title":"Women's health initiative cohort study. recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative cohort study","volume":"290","author":"McTiernan","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020239211145","article-title":"Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: The women's health initiative (United states)","volume":"13","author":"Morimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.8.980","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: Prospective analysis from the women's health initiative observational study","volume":"288","author":"Pradhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.5.500","article-title":"Leukocyte count as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative observational study","volume":"165","author":"Margolis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj188","article-title":"Statin use and breast cancer: Prospective results from the women's health initiative","volume":"98","author":"Cauley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.04.119","article-title":"Insulin, physical activity, and caloric intake in postmenopausal women: Breast cancer implications","volume":"22","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.6.655","article-title":"Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: The women's health initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial","volume":"295","author":"Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.6.629","article-title":"Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: The women's health initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial","volume":"295","author":"Prentice","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn415","article-title":"Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"101","author":"Gunter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm159","article-title":"Low-fat dietary pattern and cancer incidence in the women's health initiative dietary modification randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Prentice","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl085","article-title":"A comparison of two dietary instruments for evaluating the fat-breast cancer relationship","volume":"35","author":"Freedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2011.587227","article-title":"Dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate and risk of breast cancer in the women's health initiative","volume":"63","author":"Shikany","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.0493","article-title":"Vasomotor symptoms, adoption of a low-fat dietary pattern, and risk of invasive breast cancer: A secondary analysis of the women's health initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial","volume":"27","author":"Caan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0235","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the metabolic syndrome and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Kabat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-16-0611","article-title":"Weight fluctuation and cancer risk in postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative","volume":"26","author":"Welti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prev Publ Am Assoc Cancer Research Cosponsored by Am Soc Prev Oncol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr192","article-title":"Interaction between smoking and obesity and the risk of developing breast cancer among postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative observational study","volume":"174","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv169","article-title":"Circulating adipokines and inflammatory markers and postmenopausal breast cancer risk","volume":"107","author":"Gunter","year":"","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww185","article-title":"The associations of atrial fibrillation with the risks of incident invasive breast and colorectal cancer","volume":"185","author":"Wassertheil-Smoller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0310","article-title":"Quantifying mediating effects of endogenous estrogen and insulin in the relation between obesity, alcohol consumption, and breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Hvidtfeldt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0974","article-title":"Body size, physical activity, and risk of triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Phipps","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.153270","article-title":"Low-fat dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Prentice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0977","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in relation to antihypertensive medication use in women with and without cancer: Results from the women's health initiative","volume":"25","author":"Reding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.07.039","article-title":"Cardiovascular health and incident cardiovascular disease and cancer: The women's health initiative","volume":"50","author":"Foraker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/754815","article-title":"Body fat and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: A longitudinal study","volume":"2013","author":"Rohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.1546","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer risk: A secondary analysis of the women's health initiative randomized clinical trials","volume":"1","author":"Neuhouser","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0501-4","article-title":"Risk of breast, endometrial, colorectal, and renal cancers in postmenopausal women in association with a body shape index and other anthropometric measures","volume":"26","author":"Kabat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu152","article-title":"Simultaneous association of total energy consumption and activity-related energy expenditure with risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes among postmenopausal women","volume":"180","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184174","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and mortality after breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Results from the women's health initiative","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002081","article-title":"Duration of adulthood overweight, obesity, and cancer risk in the women's health initiative: A longitudinal study from the united states","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000956","article-title":"Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and cardiovascular events in participants who used vaginal estrogen in the women's health initiative observational study","volume":"25","author":"Crandall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.06.010","article-title":"Association between dietary energy density and obesity-associated cancer: Results from the women's health initiative","volume":"118","author":"Thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pky065","article-title":"Low-fat dietary pattern and cancer mortality in the women's health initiative (WHI) randomized controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31687","article-title":"Weight loss and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women","volume":"125","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkz054","article-title":"Intentional weight loss and obesity-related cancer risk","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0495","article-title":"Metabolic obesity phenotypes and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"26","author":"Kabat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0347","article-title":"The combined association of modifiable risk factors with breast cancer risk in the women's health initiative","volume":"11","author":"Arthur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.1212","article-title":"Association of low-fat dietary pattern with breast cancer overall survival: A secondary analysis of the women's health initiative randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.5327","article-title":"Association of body fat and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with normal body mass index: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial and observational study","volume":"5","author":"Iyengar","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.7337","article-title":"Association of normal-weight central obesity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among postmenopausal women","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01379-w","article-title":"Low-fat dietary pattern and breast cancer mortality by metabolic syndrome components: a secondary analysis of the women's health initiative (WHI) randomised trial","volume":"125","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa268","article-title":"Alignment of dietary patterns with the dietary guidelines for americans 2015-2020 and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the women's health initiative observational study","volume":"190","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz069","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative","volume":"112","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33407","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome risk components and mortality after triple-negative breast cancer diagnosis in postmenopausal women in the women's health initiative","volume":"127","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2207","article-title":"The association between heart failure and incident cancer in women: an analysis of the women's health initiative","volume":"23","author":"Leedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa353","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol and egg intake in relation to incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in postmenopausal women","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018789","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential: Results from the women's health initiative","volume":"10","author":"Haring","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.01.099","article-title":"Lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors associated with heart failure subtypes in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors","volume":"4","author":"Reding","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-21-0467","article-title":"The association of predicted resting energy expenditure with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the women's health initiative cohort","volume":"15","author":"Arthur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01614-3","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk factors, physical activity, and postmenopausal breast cancer mortality: Results from the women's health initiative","volume":"22","author":"Dieli-Conwright","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408617","article-title":"Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes","volume":"371","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701719","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"377","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0081-z","article-title":"Somatic mutations precede acute myeloid leukemia years before diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-131862","article-title":"Antecedent clonal hematopoiesis and risk of and mortality after solid and hematological malignancies: Analyses from the women\u2019s health initiative study","volume":"134","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00043-7","article-title":"Implementation of the women\u2019s health initiative study design","volume":"13","author":"Lund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00047-4","article-title":"The women\u2019s health initiative observational study: Baseline characteristics of participants and reliability of baseline measures","volume":"13","author":"Langer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"B70","author":"Lawlor","year":""},{"key":"B71","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of hyperlipidemia","volume":"23","author":"Karr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0562","article-title":"Prospective analysis of association between statin use and breast cancer risk in the women's health initiative","volume":"22","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0530-7","article-title":"Statins and breast cancer stage and mortality in the women's health initiative","volume":"26","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.17.05022-4","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"108","author":"Kachur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-391882-6.00010-8","article-title":"Weight management: Finding the healthy balance","volume-title":"Culinary nutrition","author":"Marcus","year":"2013"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.1.277","article-title":"Adipose tissue as a source of hormones","volume":"45","author":"Silteri","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0323","article-title":"Effects of tobacco smoking on cardiovascular disease","volume":"83","author":"Kondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1016","article-title":"Association of active and passive smoking with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study [electronic article]","volume":"342","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611203152101","article-title":"Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking","volume":"315","author":"Michnovicz","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.05.010","article-title":"Hormonal mechanisms underlying the relationship between obesity and breast cancer","volume":"40","author":"Perks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.080708.082713","article-title":"Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives","volume":"61","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610033351401","article-title":"The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels","volume":"335","author":"Rouleau","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.5","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"34","author":"Okorodudu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/154099903322447710","article-title":"Lipid lowering drug use and breast cancer in older women: A prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Cauley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195312911.003.0005","article-title":"Measurements of adiposity and body composition","volume-title":"Obesity epidemiology","author":"Hu","year":"2008"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020406","article-title":"Shared risk factors in cardiovascular disease and cancer","volume":"133","author":"Koene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610033351401","article-title":"The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. cholesterol and recurrent events trial investigators","volume":"335","author":"Sacks","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20023","article-title":"Evaluation of the synergistic effect of insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factors on the risk of breast carcinoma","volume":"100","author":"Malin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312806","article-title":"Age-related changes in glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"123","author":"Chia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013176129380","article-title":"Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and breast cancer risk: a case\u2013control study","volume":"12","author":"Augustin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.5.1210","article-title":"NCEPdefined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older","volume":"52","author":"Alexander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JCO2200111","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00111","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of the differential impact of heart failure phenotypes after breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Reding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-12","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle and risk of breast cancer for indigenous and non-indigenous women in new Zealand: a case control study","volume":"14","author":"McKenzie","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703","article-title":"Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction","volume":"121","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00078-0","article-title":"Design of the women\u2019s health initiative clinical trial and observational study","volume":"19","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00044-9","article-title":"The women\u2019s health initiative dietary modification trial: Overview and baseline characteristics of participants","volume":"13","author":"Ritenbaugh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"B98","first-page":"77","article-title":"Intra-abdominal obesity: An untreated risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"29","author":"Despres","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789X.2003.00108.x","article-title":"Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Harvie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013754","article-title":"Reverse cardio-oncology: Cancer development in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Aboumsallem","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.29.21268342","article-title":"Exome sequencing of 628,388 individuals identifies common and rare variant associations with clonal hematopoiesis phenotypes","volume":"12","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.085","article-title":"Supplemental association of clonal hematopoiesis with incident heart failure","volume":"78","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.05.016","article-title":"Contributions of the women's health initiative to cardiovascular research: JACC state-of-the-Art review","volume":"80","author":"LaMonte","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.1039246\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T13:29:32Z","timestamp":1679405372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.1039246\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2022.1039246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.1039246","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"article-number":"1039246"}}